Scales to measure helplessness and hopelessness were found to have good reliability and were significantly correlated with suicidal ideation in both Turkish and American respondents.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BeckA. T.WeissmanA.LesterD., & TrexlerL. (1974). The measurement of pessimism. Journal of Clinical & Consulting Psychology, 42, 861–865.
2.
LesterD. (2001). An inventory to measure helplessness, hopelessness, and haplessness. Psychological Reports, 89, 495–498.
3.
LesterD.BeckA. T., & MitchellB. (1979). Extrapolation from attempted suicides to completed suicide. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 78–80.
4.
LevensonH. (1974). Activism and powerful others. Journal of Personality Assessment, 38, 377–383.
5.
ReineckeM. A., & Franklin-ScottR. L. (2005). Assessment of suicide: Beck's scales for assessing mood and suicidality. In YufitR. I. & LesterD. (Eds.), Assessment, treatment, and prevention of suicidal behavior (pp. 29–61). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
6.
ReynoldsW. M. (1987). SIQ Form HS. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
7.
RotterJ. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80(1) (Whole No. 609).
