Controlling Health Hazards to Hospital Workers: A Reference Guide

A Yassi and LJ Warshaw, Health Care: Its Nature and Its Occupational Health Problems. In: Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Fourth ed: International Labour Office; 1998. cq 97.2.

J Lipscomb and B Borwegen, “Health Care Workers,” in: Occupational Health: Recognizing and Preventing Work-Related Disease and Injury. Levy B Wegman D , editors. Fourth ed: Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 2000.

B Ballantyne and SL Jordan, “Toxicological, Medical and Industrial Hygiene Aspects of Glutaraldehyde with Particular Reference to Its Biocidal Use in Cold Sterilization Procedures,” Journal of Applied Toxicology 21(2) (2001): 131–51.

Vecchio D Sasco AJ and Cann CI , “Occupational Risk in Health Care and Research,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 43(4) (2003): 369–97, (DOI:10.1002/ajim.10191).

LH Clever and GS Omenn, “Hazards for Health Care Workers,” Annual Review of Public Health 9 (1988): 273–303, (DOI:10.1146/annurev.pu.09.050188.001421).

Gestal J , “Occupational Hazards in Hospitals: Accidents, Radiation, Exposure to Noxious Chemicals, Drug Addiction and Psychic Problems, and Assault,” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 44(8) (1987): 510–520.

Charney W , editor. Handbook of Modern Hospital Safety. (Boca Raton: CRC; 2010).

Hasselhorn H-M Toomingas A and Lagerström M , Occupational Health for Health Care Workers: A Practical Guide (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Health Science Division, 1999).

European Commission Directorate-General for Employment: Social Affairs and Inclusion, Occupational Health and Safety Risks in the Healthcare Sector: Guide to Prevention and Good Practice. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the EU; 2011.

Connor TH , “Surface Contamination of Chemotherapy Drug Vials and Evaluation of New Vial-Cleaning Techniques: Results of Three Studies,” American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 62(5) (2005): 475–484.

Perdelli F , “Evaluation of Environmental Contamination by Glutaraldehyde in an Outpatient Facility for Digestive Endoscopy in an Italian Hospital,” International Journal of Environmental Health Research 18(1) (2008): 73–78.

Hedmer M , “Surface Contamination of Cyclophosphamide Packaging and Surface Contamination with Antineoplastic Drugs in a Hospital Pharmacy in Sweden,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49(7) (2005): 629–637.

ACGIH, 2012 TLVs and BEIs (Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2012).

Burton DJ , “General Methods for the Control of Airborne Hazards,” in: The Occupational Environment—Its Evaluation and Control. DiNardi SR , editor. (Fairfax, VA: AIHA Press; 1997), 828–847.

ACGIH, General Industrial Ventilation 27 ed (Cincinnati: ACGIH, 2010).

ANSI/ASHRAE/ASHE, Standard 170-2008: Standard Ventilation of Health Care Facilities. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers; 2008. 7–10.

Facility Guidelines Institute, “The 2010 Edition of the FGI guidelines,” 2010, www.fgiguidelines.org/guidelines2010.php#o1 (accessed 6/15/13).

Bartley JM Olmsted RN and Haas J , “Current Views of Healthcare Design and Construction: Practical Implications for Safer, Cleaner Environments,” American Journal of Infection Control 38(5) (2010): S1–S12, (DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2010. 04.195).

Indian Health Service, Dental Ventilation, Technical Handbook for Environmental Health and Engineering, Volume III: Health Care Facilities Design and Construction, Part 21-Design Criteria and Standards. 2007.

International Occupational Hygiene Association, http://www.ioha.net/ (accessed 6/20/13).

Hignett S Wilson JR and Morris W , “Finding Ergonomic Solutions—Participatory Approaches,” Occupational Medicine 55(3) (2005): 200–207.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Prevention Through Design,” http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ptd/ (accessed 6/17/13).

Manuele FA , “Prevention through Design: Addressing Occupational Risks in the Design & Redesign Processes,” http://www.asse.org/practicespecialties/engineering/docs/ByDesign_PtDSpecial_Fall2007.pdf (accessed 5/26/13).

Prüss-Üstün A Rapiti E and Hutin Y , “Sharps Injuries: Global Burden of Disease from Sharps Injuries to Health-care Workers,” WHO Environmental burden of disease series (3) (2003).

Pruss-Ustun A Rapiti E and Hutin Y , “Estimation of the Global Burden of Disease Attributable to Contaminated Sharps Injuries among Health-care Workers,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 48(6) (2005): 482–90, (DOI:10.1002/ajim.20230).

Yao WX , “Needlestick Injuries among Nursing Students in China,” Nurse Education Today 30(5) (2010): 435–7, (DOI:10.1016/j.nedt.2009.09.018).

CDC, “Workbook for Designing, Implementing, and Evaluating a Sharps Injury Prevention Program,” http://www.cdc.gov/sharpssafety/pdf/sharpsworkbook_2008.pdf (accessed 3/15/13).

Occupational Health and Safety Administration, “OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard,” http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=10051 (accessed 6/13/13).

Siegel JD , “The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee: 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings,” 2007, http://www.cdc.gov/hicpac/2007IP/2007isolationPrecautions.html (accessed 7/3/13).

Tosini W , “Needlestick Injury Rates According to Different Types of Safety-Engineered Devices: Results of a French Multicenter Study,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 31(4) (2010): 402–7, (DOI:10.1086/651301).

Yassi A McGill ML and Khokhar JB , “Efficacy and Cost-Effectiveness of a Needleless Intravenous Access System,” American Journal of Infection Control 23(2) (1995): 57–64.

Lawrence LW , “The Effectiveness of a Needleless Intravenous Connection System: An Assessment by Injury Rate and User Satisfaction,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (1997): 175–182.

M Foley and A Leyden, American Nurses Association: Independent Study Module, Needlestick Safety and Prevention. 2003.

NIOSH, “NIOSH Publication No. 2008-101: Use of Blunt-Tip Suture Needles to Decrease Percutaneous Injuries to Surgical Personnel,” 2008, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2008-101/pdfs/2008-101.pdf (accessed 2/13/13).

Hart PD , “Complying With the Bloodborne Pathogen Standard: Protecting Health Care Workers and Patients,” AORN Journal 94(4) (2011): 393–399, (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aorn.2011.07.014).

Cullinan P , “Latex Allergy. A Position Paper of the British Society of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,” Clinical and Experimental Allergy 33(11) (2003): 1484–1499.

Reed D , “Update on Latex Allergy among Health Care Personnel,” AORN Journal 78(3) (2003): 409–425.

Scanlan K , “More than a Workplace Danger. An Update on Latex Sensitivity,” Advance for Nurse Practitioners 15(2) (2007): 69.

G Sussman and M Gold, “Guidelines for the Management of Latex Allergies and Safe Latex Use in Health Care Facilities,” 1996, http://www.acaai.org/allergist/allergies/Types/latex-allergy/Pages/latex-allergies-safe-use.aspx (accessed 5/15/13).

Rau EH , “Minimization and Management of Wastes from Biomedical Research,” Environmental Health Perspectives 108 Suppl 6(2000): 953–77.

CC Lee and GL Huffman, “Medical Waste Management/Incineration,” Journal of Hazardous Materials 48(1–3) (1996): 1–30, (DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3894(95)00153-0).

Emmanuel J , “Non-Incineration Medical Waste Treatment Technologies,” August 2001, http://www.noharm.org/lib/downloads/waste/Non-Incineration_Technologies.pdf (accessed 3/4/13).

Hossain MS , “Clinical Solid Waste Management Practices and Its Impact on Human Health and Environment—A Review,” Waste Management 31(4) (2011): 754–66, (DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.11.008).

Lee BK Ellenbecker MJ and Moure-Eraso R , “Alternatives for Treatment and Disposal Cost Reduction of Regulated Medical Wastes,” Waste Management 24(2) (2004): 143–51, (DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2003.10.008).

Tiemersma EW , “Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe, 1999–2002,” Emerging Infectious Diseases 10(9) (2004): 1627–1634.

WC Albrich and S Harbarth, “Health-Care Workers: Source, Vector, or Victim of MRSA?,” Lancet Infectious Diseases 8(5) (2008): 289–301, (DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70097-5).

Haamann F Dulon M and Nienhaus A , “MRSA as an Occupational Disease: A Case Series,” International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 84(3) (2011): 259–66, (DOI:10.1007/s00420-010-0610-7).

Simpson AH Dave J and Cookson B , “The Value of Routine Screening of Staff for MRSA,” Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (British Volume) 89(5) (2007): 565–6, (DOI:10.1302/0301-620X.89B5.19328).

Lessing MP Jordens JZ and Bowler IC , “When Should Healthcare Workers be Screened for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus?,” Journal of Hospital Infection 34(3) (1996): 205–10.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Top CDC Recommendations to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections,” 2011, http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/prevent/top-cdc-recs-prevent-hai.html (accessed 7/3/13).

Gurieva TV Bootsma MC and Bonten MJ , “Decolonization of Patients and Health Care Workers to Control Nosocomial Spread of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: A Simulation Study,” BMC Infectious Diseases 12(2012): 302, (DOI:10.1186/1471-2334-12-302).

Robicsek A , “Universal Surveillance for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 Affiliated Hospitals,” Annals of Internal Medicine 148(6) (2008): 409–18.

Harbarth S , “Universal Screening for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus at Hospital Admission and Nosocomial Infection in Surgical Patients,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 299(10) (2008): 1149–57, (DOI:10.1001/jama.299.10.1149).

Hawkins G , “Should Healthcare Workers be Screened Routinely for Meticillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus? A Review of the Evidence,” Journal of Hospital Infection 77(4) (2011): 285–9, (DOI:10.1016/j.jhin.2010.09.038).

Siegel JD , “Management of Multidrug-Resistant Organisms in Health Care Settings, 2006,” American Journal of Infection Control 35(10 Suppl 2) (2007): S165–93, (DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.10.006).

DJ Anderson and KS Kaye, “Controlling Antimicrobial Resistance in the Hospital,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 23(4) (2009): 847–64, vii-viii, (DOI:10.1016/j.idc.2009.06.005).

SD Lawn and AI Zumla, “Tuberculosis,” Lancet 378(9785) (2011): 57–72, (DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62173-3).

Jensen PA , “Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005,” MMWR: Recommendations and Reports 54(RR-17) (2005): 1–141.

Baussano I , “Risk of Tuberculin Conversion among Healthcare Workers and the Adoption of Preventive Measures,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 64(3) (2007): 161–6, (DOI:10.1136/oem.2006.028068).

Drobniewski F , “Rates of Latent Tuberculosis in Health Care Staff in Russia,” PLoS Medicine 4(2) (2007): e55, (DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040055).

Lopes LK , “Tuberculosis Risk among Nursing Professionals from Central Brazil,” American Journal of Infection Control 36(2) (2008): 148–51, (DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.01.013).

Joshi R , “Tuberculosis among Health-Care Workers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review,” PLoS Medicine 3(12) (2006): e494, (DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030494).

Eshun-Wilson I , “TB Infection among Staff at Tygerberg Academic Hospital, South Africa,” Southern African Journal of Epidemiology and Infection 23(4) (2009): 17–19.

Zuckerman JM , “Prevention of Health Care-Acquired Pneumonia and Transmission of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Health Care Settings,” Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 25(1) (2011): 117–33, (DOI:10.1016/j.idc.2010.11.014).

World Health Organization, Guidelines for Infection Prevention and Control for TB Including MDR-TB and XDR-TB. 2008.

Welbel SF , “Protecting Health Care Workers from Tuberculosis: A 10-Year Experience,” American Journal of Infection Control 37(8) (2009): 668–73, (DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.01.004).

Beggs CB , “The Ventilation of Multiple-Bed Hospital Wards: Review and Analysis,” American Journal of Infection Control 36(4) (2008): 250–9, (DOI:10. 1016/j.ajic.2007.07.012).

Escombe AR , “Natural Ventilation for the Prevention of Airborne Contagion,” PLoS Medicine 4(2) (2007): 68, (DOI:10.1371/journal.pmed.0040068).

Bock NN , “Tuberculosis Infection Control in Resource-Limited Settings in the Era of Expanding HIV Care and Treatment,” Journal of Infectious Diseases 196 Suppl 1(2007): S108–13, (DOI:10.1086/518661).

Escombe AR , “Upper-Room Ultraviolet Light and n=Negative Air Ionization to Prevent Tuberculosis Transmission,” PLoS Medicine 6(3) (2009): e43, (DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000043).

Princeton University, http://web.princeton.edu/sites/ehs/healthsafetyguide/E4.htm (accessed 6/18/13).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Respiratory Protection in Healthcare Settings,” 2010, http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/prevention/rphcs.htm (accessed 7/12/13).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: Interim Infection Prevention and Control Recommendations for Patients Hospitalized with Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV),” 2013, http://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/infection-prevention-control.html (accessed 7/12/13).

World Health Organization, “WHO Policy on TB Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities, Congregate Settings and Households,” Geneva: World Health Organization (2009).

EL Larson and CT Liverman, Preventing Transmission of Pandemic Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers: Update 2010: National Academies Press, 2011).

Radonovich LJ Jr. Hodgson MJ and Cohen HJ , “Do Respirators Protect Health-Care Workers from Airborne Infectious Diseases?,” Respiratory Care 53(12) (2008): 1660–4.

MacIntyre CR , “A Randomised Clinical Trial of Three Options for N95 Respirators and Medical Masks in Health Workers,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (2013).

MacIntyre CR , “A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Fit-Tested and Non-Fit-Tested N95 Respirators to Medical Masks to Prevent Respiratory Virus Infection in Health Care Workers,” Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(3) (2011): 170–179.

Loeb M , “Surgical Mask vs N95 Respirator for Preventing Influenza among Health Care Workers: A Randomized Trial,” Journal of the American Medical Association 302(17) (2009): 1865–71, (DOI:10.1001/jama.2009.1466).

Janssen L , “The Use of Respirators to Reduce Inhalation of Airborne Biological Agents,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene (just-accepted) (2013).

Harriman KH , “Controversy: Respiratory Protection for Healthcare Workers,” 2011, http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741245 (accessed 7/12/13).

Marini MA Giangregorio M and Kraskinski JC , “Complying with the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard: Implementing Needleless Systems and Intravenous Safety Devices,” Pediatric Emergency Care 20(3) (2004): 209–14.

Moens G , “Analysing and Interpreting Routinely Collected data on Sharps Injuries in Assessing Preventative Actions,” Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England) 54(4) (2004): 245–9.

S Tuma and KA Sepkowitz, “Efficacy of Safety-Engineered Device Implementation in the Prevention of Percutaneous Injuries: A Review of Published Studies,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 42(8) (2006): 1159–70, (DOI:10.1086/501456).

Lamontagne F , “Role of Safety-Engineered Devices in Preventing Needlestick Injuries in 32 French Hospitals,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(1) (2007): 18–23, (DOI:10.1086/510814).

Whitby M McLaws ML and Slater K , “Needlestick Injuries in a Major Teaching Hospital: The Worthwhile Effect of Hospital-Wide Replacement of Conventional Hollow-Bore Needles,” American Journal of Infection Control 36(3) (2008): 180–6, (DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.009).

Azar-Cavanagh M Burdt P and Green-McKenzie J , “Effect of the Introduction of an Engineered Sharps Injury Prevention Device on the Percutaneous Injury Rate in Healthcare Workers,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(2) (2007): 165–70, (DOI:10.1086/511699).

Valls V , “Use of Safety Devices and the Prevention of Percutaneous Injuries among Healthcare Workers,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 28(12) (2007): 1352–60, (DOI:10.1086/523275).

Sohn S , “Effect of Implementing Safety-Engineered Devices on Percutaneous Injury Epidemiology,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 25(7) (2004): 536–42, (DOI:10.1086/502436).

Mendelson MH , “Evaluation of a Safety Resheathable Winged Steel Needle for Prevention of Percutaneous Injuries Associated with Intravascular-Access Procedures among Healthcare Workers,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 24(2) (2003): 105–12, (DOI:10.1086/502174).

Knibbs LD , “Room Ventilation and the Risk of Airborne Infection Transmission in 3 Health Care Settings within a Large Teaching Hospital,” American Journal of Infection Control 39(10) (2011): 866–72, (DOI:10.1016/j.ajic.2011. 02.014).

Albuquerque da Costa P , “Administrative Measures for Preventing Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection among Healthcare Workers in a Teaching Hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,” Journal of Hospital Infection 72(1) (2009): 57–64.

Menzies D , “Efficacy of Environmental Measures in Reducing Potentially Infectious Bioaerosols during Sputum Induction,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 24(7) (2003): 483–9, (DOI:10.1086/502242).

Dwosh HA , “Identification and Containment of an Outbreak of SARS in a Community Hospital,” Canadian Medical Association Journal 168(11) (2003): 1415–30.

Thorne CD Khozin S and McDiarmid Ma , “Using the Hierarchy of Control Technologies to Improve Healthcare Facility Infection Control: Lessons from Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46(7) (2004): 613–622.

Biscotto CR , “Evaluation of N95 Respirator Use as a Tuberculosis Control Measure in a Resource-Limited Setting,” International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 9(5) (2005): 545–9.

Zock JP , “World at Work: Cleaners,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 62(8) (2005): 581–4, (DOI:10.1136/oem.2004.015032).

Charles LE Loomis D and Demissie Z , “Occupational Hazards Experienced by Cleaning Workers and Janitors: A Review of the Epidemiologic Literature,” Work 34(1) (2009): 105–16, (DOI:10.3233/WOR-2009-0907).

Zock JP Vizcaya D and Le Moual N , “Update on Asthma and Cleaners,” Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology 10(2) (2010): 114–20, (DOI:10.1097/ACI.0b013e32833733fe).

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Guidelines for Disinfection and Sterilization in Health Care Facilities,” 2008, www.cdc.gov/hicpac/pdf/guidelines/disinfection_nov_2008.pdf (accessed 3/18/13).

Charney W , “Safe Use of Ethylene Oxide in the Hospital Environment,” in: Handbook of Modern Hospital Safety. Charney W , editor. Second ed. (Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010.

Sobaszek A , “Working Conditions and Health Effects of Ethylene Oxide Exposure at Hospital Sterilization Sites,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41(6) (1999): 492–9.

Elliott LJ , “Ethylene Oxide Exposures in Hospitals,” Applied Industrial Hygiene 3(5) (1988): 141–145.

IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Formaldehyde, 2-Butoxyethanol and 1-tert-Butoxypropan-2-ol: World Health Organization, 2006.

Charney W , “Monitoring Aldehydes,” in: Handbook of Modern Hospital Safety. Charney W , editor. (Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010.

Leinster P Baum J and Baxter P , “An Assessment of Exposure to Glutaraldehyde in Hospitals: tTypical Exposure Levels and Recommended Control Measures,” British Journal of Industrial Medicine 50(2) (1993): 107–111.

Katagiri H , “Indoor Glutaraldehyde Levels in the Endoscope Disinfecting Room and Subjective Symptoms among Workers,” Industrial Health 44(2) (2006): 225–229.

Casarett LJ Doull J and Klaassen CD , Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons 7th ed (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008).

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, “ToxFAQs for Mercury,” 1999, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=113&tid=24 (accessed 3/15/13).

New Jersey Department of Health and Senior Services, “Mercury, Elemental and Inorganic Compounds,” 2009, http://nj.gov/health/eoh/rtkweb/documents/fs/1183.pdf (accessed 3/4/13).

World Health Organization and Health Care Without Harm, Toward the Tipping Point: WHO-HCWH Global Initiative to Substitute Mercury-Based Medical Devices in Health Care, A Two-Year Progress Report, 2010. http://www.mercuryfreehealthcare.org/Toward_the_Tipping_Point.pdf (3/8/13).

Centers for Disease Prevention Office of Health and Safety, Chemical Glove Selection Guide. Atlanta; 2007.

New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, “Managing Dental Mercury,” http://www.dec.ny.gov/chemical/8513.html (accessed May 25, 2013).

Blayney MB , “The Need for Empirically Derived Permeation Data for Personal Protective Equipment: The Death of Dr. Karen E. Wetterhahn,” Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 16(2) (2001): 233–236, (DOI:10.1080/104732201460389).

United Nations Environmental Programme, “Global Mercury Assessment 2013: Sources, Emissions, Releases and Environmental Transport,” 2013, http://www.unep.org/PDF/PressReleases/GlobalMercuryAssessment2013.pdf (accessed 6/13/13).

Pacyna EG , “Global Emission of Mercury to the Atmosphere from Anthropogenic Sources in 2005 and Projections to 2020,” Atmospheric Environment 44(20) (2010): 2487–2499.

Nimmo A , “Particulate Inhalation during the Removal of Amalgam Restorations,” The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 63(2) (1990): 228–233.

Richardson GM , “Inhalation of Mercury-Contaminated Particulate Matter by Dentists: An Overlooked Occupational Risk,” Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal 9(6) (2003): 1519–1531.

Koral S , “Safe Removal of Amalgam Fillings,” 2007, http://iaomt.org/safe-removal-amalgam-fillings/ (accessed 6/15/13).

Keene RR , “Occupational Hazards to the Pregnant Orthopaedic Surgeon,” The Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 93(23) (2011): 141 1–5, (DOI:10.2106/JBJS.K.00061).

Borak J , “Methyl Methacrylate and Respiratory Sensitization: A Critical Review,” Critical Reviews in Toxicology 41(3) (2011): 230–268.

Andreasson H , “On Permeability of Methyl Methacrylate, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate and Triethyleneglycol Dimethacrylate through Protective Gloves in Dentistry,” European Journal of Oral Sciences 111(6) (2003): 529–535.

Gatti JE , “The Mutagenicity of Electrocautery Smoke,” Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 89(5) (1992): 781–784.

Pierce JS , “Laser-Generated Air Contaminants from Medical Laser Applications: A State-of-the-Science Review of Exposure Characterization, Health Effects, and Control,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 8(7) (2011): 447–466.

Alp E , “Surgical Smoke and Infection Control,” Journal of Hospital Infection 62(1) (2006): 1–5.

WL Barrett and SM Garber, “Surgical Smoke: A Review of the Literature,” Surgical Endoscopy 17(6) (2003): 979–987.

AORN, Association of Registered Nurses Perioperative Standards and Recommended Practices 2013 ed, 2013.

Ott DE , “Carboxyhemoglobinemia due to Peritoneal Smoke Absorption from Laser Tissue Combustion at Laparoscopy,” Journal of Clinical Laser Medicine and Surgery 16(6) (1998): 309–315.

DA Novak and SM Benson, “Understanding and Controlling the Hazards of Surgical Smoke,” 2011, http://www.beckersasc.com/asc-accreditation-and-patient-safety/understanding-and-controlling-the-hazards-of-surgical-smoke.html (accessed 6/13/13).

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Control of Smoke from Laser/Electrical Surgical Procedures, Department of Health and Human Services Publication 96-128,” (1996).

Legislative Body, CSA Z305. 13-09 Plume Scavenging Standard in Surgical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Aesthetic Settings 2009.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “National Personal Protective Technology Lab Meeting Presentation,” 2011, http://www.pitt.edu/∼super7/45011-46001/45401.ppt (accessed 3/3/13).

T de Boorder, R Verdaasdonk and J Klaessens, “The Visualisation of Surgical Smoke Produced by Energy Delivery Devices: Significance and Effectiveness of Evacuation Systems,” 2007, http://www.buffalofilter.com/PDF/NetherlandsVisual2008.pdf (accessed 6/14/13).

BE Edwards and RE Reiman, “Results of a Survey on Current Surgical Smoke Control Practices,” AORN Journal 87(4) (2008): 739.

Ball K , “Compliance with Surgical Smoke Evacuation Guidelines: Implications for Practice,” AORN Journal 92(2) (2010): 142–9, (DOI:10.1016/j.aorn.2010. 06.002).

BE Edwards and RE Reiman, “Comparison of Current and Past Surgical Smoke Control Practices,” AORN Journal 95(3) (2012): 337–50, (DOI:10.1016/j.aorn. 2011.07.019).

Dumas O , “Occupational Exposure to Cleaning Products and Asthma in Hospital Workers,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 69(12) (2012): 883–889.

Bello A , “Quantitative Assessment of Airborne Exposures Generated during Common Cleaning Tasks: A Pilot Study,” Environmental Health 9(1) (2010): 76.

Bello A , “Characterization of Occupational Exposures to Cleaning Products Used for Common Cleaning Tasks—A Pilot Study of Hospital Cleaners,” Environmental Health 8(1) (2009): 11.

Koda S Kumagai S and Ohara H , “Environmental Monitoring and Assessment of Short-Term Exposures to Hazardous Chemicals of a Sterilization Process in Hospital Working Environments,” Acta Medica Okayama 53(5) (1999): 217–223.

M Ruddy and C Kibbler, “Endoscopic Decontamination: An Audit and Practical Review,” Journal of Hospital Infection 50(4) (2002): 261–268.

Rideout K , “Considering Risks to Healthcare Workers from Glutaraldehyde Alternatives in High-Level Disinfection,” Journal of Hospital Infection 59(1) (2005): 4–11, (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2004.07.003).

Haikel Y , “Exposure to Mercury Vapor during Setting, Removing, and Polishing Amalgam Restorations,” Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 24(11) (1990): 1551–1558.

Engle J , “Quantitation of Total Mercury Vapor Released during Dental Procedures,” Dental Materials 8(3) (1992): 176–180.

L Pohl and M Bergman, “The Dentist's Exposure to Elemental Mercury Vapor during Clinical Work with Amalgam,” Acta Odontologica 53(1) (1995): 44–48.

Echeverria D , “Behavioral Effects of Low-Level Exposure to Hg° among Dentists,” Neurotoxicology and Teratology 17(2) (1995): 161–168, (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0892-0362(94)00049-J).

Chang S-B Siew C and Gruninger S , “Factors Affecting Blood Mercury Concentrations in Practicing Dentists,” Journal of Dental Research 71(1) (1992): 66–74.

Nilsson B , “Mercury in Dental Practice. I. The Working Environment of Dental Personnel and Their Exposure to Mercury Vapor,” Swedish Dental Journal 10(1–2) (1986): 1.

Jokstad A , “Mercury Excretion and Occupational Exposure of Dental Personnel,” Community Dentistry and Oral Epidemiology 18(3) (1990): 143–148.

Naleway C , “Urinary Mercury Levels in U.S. Dentists, 1975–1983: Review of Health Assessment Program,” The Journal of the American Dental Association 111(1) (1985): 37–42.

Leggat PA Kedjarune U and Smith DR , “Occupational Health Problems in Modern Dentistry: A Review,” Industrial Health 45(5) (2007): 611–621.

Baggish MS Baltoyannis P and Sze E , “Protection of the Rat Lung from the Harmful Effects of Laser Smoke,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 8(3) (1988): 248–253.

Smith JP , “Evaluation of a Smoke Evacuator Used for Laser Surgery,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 9(3) (1989): 276–281, (DOI:10.1002/lsm.1900090311).

Smith JP Topmiller JL and Shulman S , “Factors Affecting Emission Collection by Surgical Smoke Evacuators,” Lasers in Surgery and Medicine 10(3) (1990): 224–233, (DOI:10.1002/lsm.1900100303).

Hunter JG , “Laser Smoke Evacuator: Effective Removal of Mutagenic Cautery Smoke,” Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 20(2) (1996): 177–178.

Pillinger S Delbridge L and Lewis D , “Randomized Clinical Trial of Suction Versus Standard Clearance of the Diathermy Plume,” British Journal of Surgery 90(9) (2003): 1068–1071.

Mattes D , “Surgical Smoke Management for Minimally Invasive (Micro) Endoscopy: An Experimental Study,” Surgical Endoscopy 24(10) (2010): 2492–2501.

O'Grady KF and Easty A , “Electrosurgery Smoke: Hazards and Protection,” Journal of Clinical Engineering 21(2) (1996): 149.

Andersen P , “Mobile and Fixed Computer Use by Doctors and Nurses on Hospital Wards: Multi-Method Study on the Relationships Between Clinician Role, Clinical Task, and Device Choice,” Journal of Medical Internet Research 11(3) (2009): e32, (DOI:10.2196/jmir.1221).

Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, ANSI/HFES 100-2007 Human Factors Engineering of Computer Workstations, 2007).

Jaschinski-Kruza W , “Eyestrain in VDU Users: Viewing Distance and the Resting Position of Ocular Muscles,” Human Factors 33(1) (1991): 69.

Sommerich CM , “Effects of Computer Monitor Viewing Angle and Related Factors on Strain, Performance, and Preference Outcomes,” Human Factors 43(1) (2001): 39–55, (DOI:10.1518/001872001775992480).

Hedge A , “Effects of Keyboard Tray Geometry on Upper Body Posture and Comfort,” Ergonomics 42(10) (1999): 1333–1349, (DOI:10.1080/001401399184983).

Rempel D , “The Effect of Keyboard Keyswitch Make Force on Applied Force and Finger Flexor Muscle Activity,” Ergonomics 40(8) (1997): 800–808, (DOI: 10.1080/001401397187793).

Barnes Sue , “Overview: Infection Prevention and Control for Computers in Patient Care Areas,” 2011, http://www.beckersasc.com/asc-accreditation-and-patientsafety/overview-infection-prevention-and-control-for-computers-in-patie.html (accessed 3/15/13).

D Whittemore and J Moll, “COWs WOWs, Oh My! Focusing on the Needs of Nurses Can Help Hospital IT Departments Make the Best Technology Decisions and Improve Care Giving at the Bedside.,” Health Management Technology 29(7) (2008): 32–34.

Matern U , “Principles of Ergonomic Instrument Handles,” Minimally Invasive Therapy & Allied Technologies 10(3) (2001): 169–173.

Van Veelen M , “Improvement of Foot Pedals Used during Surgery Based on New Ergonomic Guidelines,” Surgical Endoscopy 17(7) (2003): 1086–1091.

Matern U , “Ergonomics: Requirements for Adjusting the Height of Laparoscopic Operating Tables,” Journal of the Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons/Society of Laparoendoscopic Surgeons 5(1) (2001): 7–12.

Van Veelen MA , “Assessment of the Ergonomically Optimal Operating Surface Height for Laparoscopic Surgery,” Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A 12(1) (2002): 47–52, (DOI:10.1089/109264202753486920).

Matern U , “Monitor Position in Laparoscopic Surgery,” Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques 19(3) (2005): 436–440, (DOI:10.1007/s00464-004-9030-7).

Van Veelen M , “Evaluation of the Usability of Two Types of Image Display Systems, during Laparoscopy,” Surgical Endoscopy 16(4) (2002): 674–678.

Lee E , “Ergonomics and Human Factors in Endoscopic Surgery: A Comparison of Manual vs Telerobotic Simulation Systems,” Surgical Endoscopy 19(8) (2005): 1064–1070.

Nelson A , “Development and Evaluation of a Multifaceted Ergonomics Program to Prevent Injuries Associated with Patient Handling Tasks,” International Journal of Nursing Studies 43(6) (2006): 717–733.

A Garg and JM Kapellusch, “Long-Term Efficacy of an Ergonomics Program That Includes Patient-Handling Devices on Reducing Musculoskeletal Injuries to Nursing Personnel,” Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 54(4) (2012): 608–625, (DOI:10.1177/0018720812438614).

Waters TR , “When Is It Safe to Manually Lift a Patient?,” AJN The American Journal of Nursing 107(8) (2007): 53–58 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000282296.18688.b1.

Hignett S , “Systematic Review of Patient Handling Activities Starting in Lying, Sitting and Standing Positions,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 41(6) (2003): 545–552.

A Nelson and AS Baptiste, “Evidence-Based Practices for Safe Patient Handling and Movement,” Clinical Reviews in Bone and Mineral Metabolism 4(1) (2006): 55–69.

Marras W Knapik K. and Ferguson S , “Lumbar Spine Forces during Manoeuvering of Ceiling-Based and Floor-Based Patient Transfer Devices,” Ergonomics 52(3) (2009): 384–397.

JD Lloyd and A Baptiste, “Friction-Reducing Devices for Lateral Patient Transfers: A Biomechanical Evaluation,” AAOHN journal: official journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 54(3) (2006): 113.

Brusin JH , “Ergonomics in Radiology,” Radiologic Technology 83(2) (2011): 141–157.

Waters TR Nelson A and Proctor C , “Patient Handling Tasks with High Risk for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Critical Care,” Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America 19(2) (2007): 131.

Dawson AP , “Interventions to Prevent Back Pain and Back Injury in Nurses: A Systematic Review,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 64(10) (2007): 642–650.

Bos E , “The Effects of Occupational Interventions on Reduction of Musculoskeletal Symptoms in the Nursing Profession,” Ergonomics 49(7) (2006): 706–723.

Bobick TG , “Physiological Effects of Back Belt Wearing during Asymmetric Lifting,” Applied Ergonomics 32(6) (2001): 541–547.

Wassell JT , “A Prospective Study of Back Belts for Prevention of Back Pain and Injury,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 284(21) (2000): 2727–2732.

US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Hospital eTool on Ergonomics,” http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/hospital/hazards/ergo/ergo.html (accessed 6/16/13).

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Summary of NIOSH Back Belt Studies,” http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ergonomics/beltsumm.html (accessed May 26, 2013).

Brynjarsdottir Hronn , “The Cornell Digital Reading Room Ergonomics Checklist: Development and Evaluation,” 2007, ecommons.library.cornell.edu/bitstream/1813/…/hb47_new_final.pdf (accessed 2/23/13).

Cornell University Ergonomics Web, “Cornell Digital Reading Room Ergonomics Checklist,” 2006, http://ergo.human.cornell.edu/CDRREC.htm. (accessed 2/23/13).

Reiner BI , “Redesigning the PACS Reading Room: Optimizing Monitor and Room Lighting,” Physics of semiconductor devices 3662(1999): 276.

Pais FL , “Ergonomic Assessment among Radiology Technologists: A Survey in a Hospital,” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 41(2012): 1821–1827.

Klein LW , “Occupational Health Hazards in the Interventional Laboratory: Time for a Safer Environment,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 73(3) (2009): 432–438.

United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, “Accessibility for the Disabled,” 2003, http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/designm/AD2-01.htm (accessed 3/4/13, 2013).

US Access Board, “A.D.A. Accessibility Guidelines for Buildings and Facilities,” 2002, http://www.access-board.gov/adaag/html/adaag.htm#4.8 (accessed 2/23/13).

ANSI/IESNA, ANSI/IESNA RP-29-06 Lighting for Hospitals and Healthcare Facilities. New York: Illuminating Engineering Society of North America; 2006.

Richman E , “ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2007 An Overview of the Lighting and Power Requirements,” 2008, http://www.energycodes.gov/sites/default/files/becu/lighting07.pdf (accessed 6/17/13).

Murphy C Russo A and Trust HB , “An Update on Ergonomic Issues in Sonography,” Healthcare Benefit Trust (2000).

Magnavita N , “Work-Related Musculoskeletal Complaints in Sonologists,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41(11) (1999): 981–988.

Hedge Alan James Tamara and Pavlovic-Veselinovic S , “Ergonomics Concerns and the Impact of Healthcare Information Technology,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 41(4) (2011): 345–51.

Reiner BI , “Effect of Filmless Imaging on the Utilization of Radiologic Services,” Radiology 215(1) (2000): 163–7.

Ulger F , “Are We Aware How Contaminated Our Mobile Phones with Nosocomial Pathogens?,” Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials 8(1) (2009): 7.

Tambekar DH , “Nosocomial Hazards of Doctor's Mobile Phones in Hospitals,” Journal of Medical Sciences (Taipei, Taiwan) 8(1) (2008): 73–6.

Visvanathan A Gibb AP and Brady RR , “Increasing Clinical Presence of Mobile Communication Technology: Avoiding the Pitfalls,” Telemedicine Journal and e-Health 17(8) (2011): 656–61, (DOI:10.1089/tmj.2011.0018).

Veelen MA , “Evaluation of the Usability of Two Types of Image Display Systems during Laparoscopy,” Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques 16(4) (2002): 674–678, (DOI:10.1007/s00464-001-9116-4).

Berquer R Smith WD and Davis S , “An Ergonomic Study of the Optimum Operating Table Height for Laparoscopic Surgery,” Surgical Endoscopy and Other Interventional Techniques 16(3) (2002): 416–421, (DOI:10.1007/s00464-001-8190-y).

Galleano R , “Can Armrests Improve Comfort and Task Performance in Laparoscopic Surgery?,” Annals of Surgery 243(3) (2006): 329.

Schoenfisch AL , “Musculoskeletal Injuries among Hospital Patient Care Staff Before and After Implementation of Patient Lift and Transfer Equipment,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 39(1) (2012): 27–36, (DOI:10.5271/sjweh.3288).

Nelson AL , Safe Patient Handling and Movement: A Practical Guide for Health Care Professionals: Springer Publishing Company, 2005.

Hignett S , “Intervention Strategies to Reduce Musculoskeletal Injuries Associated with Handling Patients: A Systematic Review,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 60(9) (2003): e6.

J Horkey and P King, “Ergonomic Recommendations and Their Role in Cardiac Sonography,” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 22(3) (2004): 207–218.

Charney W , “Zero Lift Programsin Small Rural Hospitals in Washington State: Reducing Back Injuries among Health Care Workers,” AAOHN Journal: official journal of the American Association of Occupational Health Nurses 54(8) (2006): 355.

Evanoff B , “Reduction in Injury Rates in Nursing Personnel through Introduction of Mechanical Lifts in the Workplace,” American Journal of Industrial Medicine 44(5) (2003): 451–457.

Owen BD Keene K and Olson S , “An Ergonomic Approach to Reducing Back/Shoulder Stress in Hospital Nursing Personnel: A Five Year Follow up,” International Journal of Nursing Studies 39(3) (2002): 295–302.

Robertson MM , “Examination of Computer Task Exposures in Radiologists: A Work Systems Approach,” Work: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation 41(2012): 1818–1820.

Bell JL , “Evaluation of a Comprehensive Slip, Trip and Fall Prevention Programme for Hospital Employees,” Ergonomics 51(12) (2008): 1906–1925.

Brogmus G , “Best Practices in OR Suite Layout and Equipment Choices to Reduce Slips, Trips, and Falls,” AORN Journal 86(3) (2007): 384–398, (DOI: 10.1016/j.aorn.2007.06.003).

Lombardi DA , “Transient Risk Factors for Slips, Trips, and Falls: A Case-Crossover Study of US Health Care Workers,” Poster at American Public Health Association annual meeting (2007).

SL Murphey and A Milkowski, “Surface EMG Evaluation of Sonographer Scanning Postures,” Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 22(5) (2006): 298–305, (DOI:10.1177/8756479306292683).

Wynd KP , “Ultrasound Machine Comparison: An Evaluation of Ergonomic Design, Data Management, Ease of Use, and Image Quality,” Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine 34(4) (2009): 349–356, (DOI:10.1097/AAP.Ob013e3181ac9e5b).

Paschoarelli LC de Oliveira AB and Gil Coury HJC , “Assessment of the Ergonomic Design of Diagnostic Ultrasound Transducers through Wrist Movements and Subjective Evaluation,” International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics 38(11) (2008): 999–1006.

Smith AC , “Musculoskeletal Pain in Cardiac Ultrasonographers: Results of a Random Survey,” Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography 10(4) (1997): 357–362.

GG Shapiro and RA Sinon, “Bronchoprovocation Committee Report,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 89(3) (1992): 775–778.

Lundgren R , “Development of Increased Airway Responsiveness in Two Nurses Performing Methacholine and Histamine Challenge Tests,” Allergy 47(2) (1992): 188–189.

Nilsestuen J , “AARC Clinical Practice Guideline Selection of a Device for Delivery of Aerosol to the Lung Parenchyma,” Respiratory Care 41(7) (1996): 647–653.

C Smith and RD Goldman, “Nebulizers Versus Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers in Preschool Children with Wheezing,” Canadian Family Physician 58(5) (2012): 528–530.

HJ Zar and ME Levin, “Challenges in Treating Pediatric Asthma in Developing Countries,” Paediatric Drugs 14(6) (2012): 353–359.

Le J , “Consensus Summary of Aerosolized Antimicrobial Agents: Application of Guideline Criteria. Insights from the Society of Infectious Disease Pharmacists,” Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy 30(6) (2010): 562–584.

TH Connor and MA McDiarmid, “Preventing Occupational Exposures to Antineoplastic Drugs in Health Care Settings,” CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 56(6) (2006): 354–65.

“ASHP Guidelines on Handling Hazardous Drugs,” American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 63(12) (2006): 1172–1191, (DOI:10.2146/ajhp050529).

United States Environmental Protection Agency, “Nitrogen Dioxide, Health,” 2013, http://www.epa.gov/oaqps001/nitrogenoxides/health.html (accessed 3/5/13, 2013).

Cuthbertson BH Stott S and Webster NR , “Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in British Intensive Therapy Units,” British Journal of Anaesthesia 78(6) (1997): 696–700.

Markhorst DG , “Occupational Exposure during Nitric Oxide Inhalational Therapy in a Pediatric Intensive Care Setting,” Intensive Care Medicine 22(9) (1996): 954–8.

Mourgeon E , “Factors Influencing Indoor Concentrations of Nitric Oxide in a Parisian Intensive Care Unit,” American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 156(5) (1997): 1692–5.

Phillips ML , “Assessment of Medical Personnel Exposure to Nitrogen Oxides during Inhaled Nitric Oxide Treatment of Neonatal and Pediatric Patients,” Pediatrics 104(5 Pt 1) (1999): 1095–100.

Qureshi MA , “Exposure of Intensive Care Unit Nurses to Nitric Oxide and Nitrogen Dioxide during Therapeutic Use of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Adults with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome,” American Journal of Critical Care 12(2) (2003): 147–53.

Lindwall R , “Workplace NO and NO2 during Combined Treatment of Infants with Nasal CPAP and NO,” Intensive Care Medicine 32(12) (2006): 2034–41, (DOI:10.1007/s00134-006-0393-1).

Montgomery FJ and Berssenbrugge AD , “Inhaled Nitric Oxide Delivery and Monitoring,” Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing 15(5) (1999): 325–335.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “NIOSH List of Antineoplastic and Other Hazardous Drugs in Healthcare Settings 2012,” 2012, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2012-150/pdfs/2012-150.pdf (accessed 6/16/13).

Beach J Campbell M and Andrews D , “Exposure of Health Care Workers to Pentamidine Isethionate,” Occupational Medicine 49(4) (1999): 243–245.

Charney W , “Pentamidine,” in: Handbook of Modern Hospital Safety. Charney W , editor. (Boca Raton: CRC; 2010.

Kowalski W , “UVGI Guidelines and Standards,” in: Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Handbook. Springer; 2009, p. 255–286.

Balmes JR , “Respiratory Effects of Occupational Exposure to Aerosolized Pentamidine,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 37(2) (1995): 145–150.

McDiarmid M , “Health Effects and Exposure Assessment of Aerosolized Pentamidine Handlers,” CHEST Journal 104(2) (1993): 382–385.

Ito S and Koren G , “Estimation of Fetal Risk from Aerosolized Pentamidine in Pregnant Healthcare Workers,” CHEST Journal 106(5) (1994): 1460–62.

Paul M , “Occupational Reproductive Hazards,” The Lancet 349(9062) (1997): 1385–88.

AARC, “AARC Clinical Practice Guideline,” 1996, http://www.rcjournal.com/cpgs/dalpcpg.html (accessed 3/15/13, 41).

LSUHSC, “Hospital Policy Manual Cardiopulmonary Services General Procedures: 7.5 Aerosolized Pentamidine,” http://www.sh.lsuhsc.edu/cps/pandp/7.5.pdf (accessed 3/15/13).

National Institute of Health, “Pentamidine Aerosolization with the Respirgard II Nebulizer System,” 2000, http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccmd/cctrcs/pdf_docs/Aerosol%20Therapy/05-Pentamidine%20Aero.pdf (accessed 3/18/13).

Leonard M Krilov R. , “Safety Issues Related to the Administration of Ribavirin,” Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 21(2002): 479–81.

Rajhans GS , “Hygiene Aspects of Occupational Exposure to Waste Anaesthetic Gases in Ontario Hospitals,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 33(1) (1989): 27–45.

Schuyt HC and Verberk MM , “Measurement and Reduction of Nitrous Oxide in Operating Rooms,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 38(10) (1996): 1036–40.

Crauste-Manciet S , “Environmental Contamination with Cytotoxic Drugs in Healthcare Using Positive Air Pressure Isolators,” Annals of Occupational Hygiene 49(7) (2005): 619–628.

McDevitt JJ Lees P and McDiarmid MA , “Exposure of Hospital Pharmacists and Nurses to Antineoplastic Agents,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 35(1) (1993): 57–60.

Connor TH , “Surface Contamination of Chemotherapy Drug Vials and Evaluation of New Vial-Cleaning Techniques: Results of Three Studies,” American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 62(5) (2005): 475–484.

McDiarmid M , “Efficacy of Engineering Controls in Reducing Occupational Exposure to Aerosolized Pentamidine,” CHEST Journal 102(6) (1992): 1764–66.

Decker JA , “Occupational Exposures to Aerosolized Pharmaceuticals and Control Strategies,” Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health (1992): 100–102.

Fraser VJ , “Evaluation of Rooms with Negative Pressure Ventilation Used for Respiratory Isolation in Seven Midwestern Hospitals,” Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 14(11) (1993): 623–628, (DOI:10.2307/30149744).

Kacmarek R and Kratohvil J , “Evaluation of a Double-Enclosure Double-Vacuum Unit Scavenging System for Ribavirin Administration,” Respiratory Care 37(1) (1992): 37–45.

Bradley JS , “Exposure of Health Care Workers to Ribavirin during Therapy for Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections,” Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 34(4) (1990): 668–670.

Mueller B and Waldon V , “Use of an In-House-Built Ribavirin Aerosol Evacuation System to Control Incidental Employee Exposure to Ribavirin Aerosol,” Journal of Clinical Engineering 21(1) (1996): 46–50.

Cember H and Johnson TE , Introduction to Health Physics Fourth ed: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2009.

Douple EB , “Long-Term Radiation-Related Health Effects in a Unique Human Population: Lessons Learned from the Atomic Bomb Survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 5 (Supplement_1) (2011): S122–133, (DOI:10.1001/dmp.2011.21).

National Research Council and Committee to Assess Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, Health Risks from Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation: BEIR VII-Phase 2: Washington, DC, 2005.

Maiello ML , “NCRP Report No. 160: Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States,” Health physics (1958) 98(3) (2010): 549–550, (DOI: 10.1097/HP.0b013e3181c80d20).

International Commission on Radiation Protection, “The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiation Protection ICRP Publication 103,” Annals of the ICRP 37(2–4) (2007).

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, “10CFR37 Physical Protection of Category 1 and Category 2 Quantities of Radioactive Materials,” http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part037/ (accessed 6/15/13).

National Council for Radiation Protection, Protection NcfR, NCRP Report 122 Use of Personal Monitors to Estimate Effective Dose Equivalent and Effective Dose to Workers for External Exposure to Low-LET Radiation, 1995.

Miller DL , “Occupational Radiation Protection in Interventional Radiology: A Joint Guideline of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe and the Society of Interventional Radiology,” Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 33(2) (2010): 230–9, (DOI:10.1007/s00270-009-9756-7).

Vanhavere F , “The Use of Extremity Dosimeters in a Hospital Environment,” Radiation protection dosimetry 118(2) (2006): 190–195.

Pajic J , “Occupational Exposure in Nuclear Medicine,” J Occup Environ Hyg 8(10) (2011): D101–6, (DOI:10.1080/15459624.2011.613353).

The Writing Rad, “NRC Guidelines for the Radiation Safety Officer,” http://www.writingrad.com/doc/NRC-Guidelines-for-RSO.pdf (accessed 2/20/13, 2013).

Smart R , “Task-Specific Monitoring of Nuclear Medicine Technologists' Radiation Exposure,” Radiation protection dosimetry 109(3) (2004): 201–209.

Stabin MG , Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics (New York: Springer, 2008).

Reiman RE , “Radiation Safety Considerations for PET/CT,” July 15, 2011, www.safety.duke.edu/radsafety/slides/PET_CT_Web.pps (accessed 3/15/13).

Beyer T Muller SP Brix G Lechel U Glatting G Ziegler SI Munzing W , Radiation Exposure During Combined Whole-Body FDG-PET/CT Imaging. 51st Annual Meeting, Society of Nuclear Medicine; June 22, 2004.

Quinn B , “Measured Dose Rate Constant from Oncology Patients Administered 18F for Positron Emission Tomography,” Medical Physics 39(2012): 6071.

Khan FM , The Physics of Radiation Therapy 3rd ed: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2003.

National Council of Radiation Protection, Report No. 049-Structural Shielding Design and Evaluation for Medical Use of X-Rays and Gamma Rays of Energies up to 10 MeV. 1. In Bethesda: National Council of Radiation Protection; 1976.

Gauvin J , “Radiation Protection in Hospitals,” in: Handbook of Modern Hospital Safety. Charney W , editor. (Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2010).

National Council on Radiation Protection, Protection NCoR, NCRP Report No. 168 Radiation Dose Management for Fluoroscopically-Guided Interventional Medical Procedures, 2010.

Paulson EK , “CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Interventional Procedures: Techniques and Radiation Dose to Radiologists,” Radiology 220(1) (2001): 161–167.

Hill D McIeish K and Keevil SF , “Impact of Electromagnetic Field Exposure Limits in Europe: Is the Future of Interventional MRI Safe?,” Academic Radiology 12(9) (2005): 1135.

Litvak E Foster K and Repacholi M , “Health and Safety Implications of Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields in the Frequency Range 300 Hz to 10 MHz,” Bioelectromagnetics 23(1) (2002): 68–82.

Hitchcock RT , “Nonionizing Radiation,” in: The Occupational Environment: Its Evaluation, Control, and Management. DiNardi SR , editor. (Fairfax: AIHA Press; 2003), p. 490–579.

K Gibson and W Kernohant, “Lasers in Medicine—A Review,” Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 17(2) (1993): 51–57.

American National Standards Institute, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care Facilities. Orlando: Laser Institute of America; 2005.

Maisels MJ , “Neonatal Jaundice,” Pediatrics in Review 27(12) (2006): 443–454.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, “Radiofrequency and Miicrowave Radiation: Health Effects,” http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/radiofrequencyradiation/index.html#healtheffects (accessed 3/3/13, 2013).

International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields, 2002.

Krestin G Leijh P and Stubbs P , Using MRI Safely—Practical Rules for Employees. Netherlands: Radiological Society of the Netherlands; 2008.

World Health Organization, Static Fields. Environmental Health Criteria 232. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006.

World Health Organization, Extremely Low Frequency Fields, Environmental Health Criteria monograph no. 238. 2007.

Federal Provincial Territorial Radiation Protection Committee of Canada, Health Effects and Exposure Guidelines Related to Extremely Low Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields-An Overview. 2005.

Bradley JK , “Occupational Exposure to Static and Time-Varying Gradient Magnetic Fields in MR Units,” Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 26(5) (2007): 1204–1209.

Kännälä S , “Occupational Exposure Measurements of Static and Pulsed Gradient Magnetic Fields in the Vicinity of MRI Scanners,” Physics in Medicine and Biology 54(7) (2009): 2243.

International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation, “General Approach to Protection Against Non-Ionizing Radiation,” Health Physics 82(4) (2002): 540–548.

International Agency for Research on Cancer, “IARC Classifies Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields as Possibly Carcinogenic to Humans,” 2011, http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/pr/2011/pdfs/pr208_E.pdf (accessed 3/3/13, 2013).

Bassen H , IEEE Committee on Man and Radiation (Comar) Technical Information Statement, “Exposure of Medical Personnel to Electromagnetic Fields From Open Magnetic Resonance Imaging Systems,” Health Physics 89(6) (2005): 684–689.

Stam R , Report 610703001/2008, The EMF Directive and Protection of MRI Workers: Possible Solutions. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2008.

American National Standard Institute, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers in Health Care, Orlando: Laser Institute of America; 2011.

Hohl C , “Dose Reduction during CT Fluoroscopy: Phantom Study of Angular Beam Modulation1,” Radiology 246(2) (2008): 519–525.

Stoeckelhuber BM , “Radiation Dose to the Radiologist's Hand during Continuous CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Interventions,” Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 28(5) (2005): 589–594.

Park MS , “Comparison of Operator Radiation Exposure between C-Arm and O-Arm Fluoroscopy for Orthopaedic Surgery,” Radiation protection dosimetry 148(4) (2012): 431–438.

Solomon SB , “Robotically Driven Interventions: A Method of Using CT Fluoroscopy without Radiation Exposure to the Physician,” 225(1) (2002): 277–282.

Nawfel RD , “Patient and Personnel Exposure during CT Fluoroscopy-Guided Interventional Procedures,” Radiology 216(1) (2000): 180–184.

Marichal DA , “Comparison of a Suspended Radiation Protection System Versus Standard Lead Apron for Radiation Exposure of a Simulated Interventionalist,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 22(4) (2011): 437–442.

King JN , “Using a Sterile Disposable Protective Surgical Drape for Reduction of Radiation Exposure to Interventionalists,” American Journal of Roentgenology 178(1) (2002): 153–157.

Dromi S , “Heavy Metal Pad Shielding during Fluoroscopic Interventions,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 17(7) (2006): 1201–1206.

Shortt C , “Staff Radiation Doses to the Lower Extremities in Interventional Radiology,” Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 30(6) (2007): 1206–1209.

Maeder M , “Impact of a Lead Glass Screen on Scatter Radiation to Eyes and Hands in Interventional Cardiologists,” Catheterization and Cardiovascular Interventions 67(1) (2006): 18–23.

Luchs JS , “Radiation Safety during Spine Interventions,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 16(1) (2005): 107–111.

Martin C and Whitby M , “Application of ALARP to Extremity Doses for Hospital Workers,” Journal of Radiological Protection 23(4) (2003): 405.

Vano E , “Radiation Exposure to Medical Staff in Interventional and Cardiac Radiology,” British Journal of Radiology 71(849) (1998): 954–960.

Vano E , “Occupational Radiation Doses in Interventional Cardiology: A 15-Year Follow-Up,” British Journal of Radiology 79(941) (2006): 383–388.

Hernandez R and Goodsitt M , “Reduction of Radiation Dose in Pediatric Patients Using Pulsed Fluoroscopy,” American Journal of Roentgenology 167(5) (1996): 1247–1253.

Kuon E Schmitt M and Dahm JB , “Significant Reduction of Radiation Exposure to Operator and Staff during Cardiac Interventions by Analysis of Radiation Leakage and Improved Lead Shielding,” The American Journal of Cardiology 89(1) (2002): 44–49, (DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9149(01)02161-0).

Zweers D , “Patient and Staff Radiation Dose in Fluoroscopy-Guided TIPS Procedures and Dose Reduction, Using Dedicated Fluoroscopy Exposure Settings,” British Journal of Radiology 71(846) (1998): 672–676.

Victoria Marx M Niklason L and Mauger EA , “Occupational Radiation Exposure to Interventional Radiologists: A Prospective Study,” Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology 3(4) (1992): 597–606.

Damilakis J , “Radiation Exposure to the Hands of Operators during Angiographic Procedures,” European Journal of Radiology 21(1) (1995): 72–75.

Petroviæ N , “Contribution of Activation Products to Occupational Exposure Following Treatment Using High-Energy Photons in Radiotherapy,” Radiation Protection Dosimetry 143(1) (2011): 109–112.

Lancelot S , “Exposure of Medical Personnel to Radiation during Radionuclide Therapy Practices,” Nuclear Medicine Communications 29(4) (2008): 405–410.

Guillet B , “Technologist Radiation Exposure in Routine Clinical Practice with 18F-FDG PET,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology 33(3) (2005): 175–179.

Michel R and Hofer C , “Radiation Safety Precautions for Sentinel Lymph Node Procedures,” Health Physics 86(2004): S35–S37.

Rawlinson JA Islam MK and Galbraith DM , “Dose to Radiation Therapists from Activation at High-Energy Accelerators Used for Conventional and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy,” Medical Physics 29(2002): 598–608.

Espenan GD , “Experiences with High Dose Radiopeptide Therapy: The Health Physics Perspective,” Health Physics 76(3) (1999): 225–235.

Bixler A Springer G and Lovas R , “Practical Aspects of Radiation Safety for Using Fluorine-18,” Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology 27(1) (1999): 14–16.

Pityn P King M and VanderWerf R , “Apparent Versus Real Exposures of Nuclear Medicine Technologists during Aerosol Lung Ventilation Scanning,” American Industrial Hygiene Association 57(2) (1996): 202–204.

Sans-Merce M , “Recommendations to Reduce Hand Exposure for Standard Nuclear Medicine Procedures,” Radiation Measurements 46(11) (2011): 1330–1333.

Montgomery A , “Reductions in Finger Doses for Radiopharmaceutical Dispensing Afforded by a Syringe Shield and an Automatic Dose Dispenser,” Nuclear Medicine Communications 20(1999): 189–194.

Ponto JA , “The Syringe Shield Rule: Model for Practitioner-Initiated Regulatory Reform,” Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 42(6) (2002): 871–874.

Huff RD Horwitz P and Klash SJ , “Personnel Protection during Aerosol Ventilation Studies Using Radioactive Technetium (Tc99m),” American Industrial Hygiene Association 55(12) (1994): 1144–1148.

DeMoss C , “Health and Performance Factors in Health Care Shift Workers,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 46(12) (2004): 1278–1281.

Shields M , “Unhappy on the Job,” Health Reports 17(4) (2006): 33–37.

Manenschijn L , “Shift Work at Young Age is Associated with Elevated Long-Term Cortisol Levels and Body Mass Index,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 96(11) (2011): E1862–E1865.

Viswanathan AN Hankinson SE and Schernhammer ES , “Night Shift Work and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer,” Cancer Research 67(21) (2007): 10618–10622.

Stevens RG , “Light-at-Night, Circadian Disruption and Breast Cancer: Assessment of Existing Evidence, International Epidemiology Association 38(2009): 963–970.

Schernhammer ES , “Rotating Night Shifts and Risk of Breast Cancer in Women Participating in the Nurses' Health Study,” Journal of the National Cancer Institute 93(20) (2001): 1563–1568.

Davis S Mirick DK , “Circadian Disruption, Shift Work and the Risk of Cancer: A Summary of the Evidence and Studies in Seattle.,” Cancer Causes and Control 17(2006): 539–545.

Segawa K , “Peptic Ulcer is Prevalent Among Shift Workers,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 32(5) (1987): 449–453.

Knutsson A , “Shiftwork and Myocardial Infarction: A Case-Control Study,” Occupational and Environmental Medicine 56(1) (1999): 46–50.

Han K , “Job Stress and Work Schedules in Relation to Nurse Obesity,” Journal of Nursing Administration 41(11) (2011): 488.

Vyas MV , “Shift Work and Vascular Events: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis,” British Medical Journal 345 (2012): e4800.

Berger AM and Hobbs BB , “Impact of Shift Work on the Health and Safety of Nurses and Patients,” Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing 10(4) (2006): 465–471.

Hartmen CE , “Shift Work and Sleep,” Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 53(2011): S1–S10.

Gold DR , “Rotating Shift Work, Sleep and Accidents Related to Sleepiness in Hospital Nurses,” American Journal of Public Health 82(1992): 1011–1014.

Landrigan CP , “Effect of Reducing Interns' Work Hours on Serious Medical Errors in Intensive Care Units,” New England Journal of Medicine 351(18) (2004): 1838–1848.

Rodgers AE , “The Working Hours of Hospital Staff Nurses and Patient Safety,” Health Affairs 23(2004): 204–212.

Lockley SW , “Effects of Health Care Provider Work Hours and Sleep Deprivation on Safety and Performance,” Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 33(Supplement 1) (2007): 7–18.

Barger LK , “Extended Work Shifts and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crashes Among Interns,” 352(2005): 125–134.

Dawson D and Reid K , “Fatigue, Alcohol and Performance Impairment,” Nature 388(6639) (1997): 235.

Howard SK , “The Risks and Implications of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Resident Physicians,” Academic Medicine 77(10) (2002): 1019–1025.

Schirmer J , “Health and Safety Hazards of Shiftwork: Implications for Health Care Workers and Strategies for Prevention,” in: Handbook of Modern Healthcare Safety. Charney W , editor. (Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC; 2010).

Raymond CA , “Shifting Work, Sleep Cycles are on the Way to Becoming Another Public Health Issue,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 259(20) (1988): 2958–2959.

Caldwell JA , “Fatigue Countermeasures in Aviation,” Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 80(2009): 29–59.

Thomas HA , “Emergency Physician Shift Work,” Clinical and Practice Management; American College of Emergency Physicians, 2010, www.acep.org/content.aspx?id=29420 (accessed 7/31/13).

Schweitzer P , “Laboratory and Field Studies of Naps and Caffeine as Practical Countermeasures for Sleep-Wake Problems Associated with Night Work,” Sleep 29(1) (2006): 39.

Sack RL , “Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders: Part I, Basic Principles, Shift Work and Jet Lag Disorders/An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Review,” Sleep 30(11) (2007): 1460.

Lee C Smith MR and Eastman CI , “A Compromise Phase Position for Permanent Night Shift Workers: Circadian Phase after Two Night Shifts with Scheduled Sleep and Light/Dark Exposure,” Chronobiology International 23(4) (2006): 859–875.

Wu S , “Relationship between Job Burnout and Occupational Stress among Doctors in China,” Stress and Health 24(2) (2008): 143–149.

Wu S , “Relationship between Burnout and Occupational Stress among Nurses in China,” Journal of Advanced Nursing 59(3) (2007): 233–239.

Henry JP , “Biological Basis of the Stress Response,” Physiology 8(2) (1993): 69–73.

Ely DL , “Organization of Cardiovascular and Neurohumoral Responses to Stress,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 771(1) (2006): 594–608.

Cox T Griffiths A and Randall R , “A Risk Management Approach to the Prevention of Work Stress,” The Handbook of Work and Health Psychology (2003): 191.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Stress at Work: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 1999.

McPhaul K and Lipscomb J , “Workplace Violence in Health Care: Recognized But Not Regulated,” Online Journal of Issues in Nursing 9(3) (2004): 7.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Division of Safety Research, Violence in the Workplace: Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Division of Safety Research, 1996.

Reiss AJ Roth JA and Miczek KA , Understanding and Preventing Violence: Social influences, National Academies Press, 1993.

Greenlund L , “ED Violence: Occupational Hazard?,” Nursing Management 42(7) (2011): 28–32.

California Department of Industrial Relations, “Cal/OSHA Guidelines for Workplace Security,” 1995, http://www.dir.ca.gov/dosh/dosh_publications/worksecurity.html (accessed 3/15/13).

University of Iowa, “Workplace Violence: A Report to the Nation,” 2001, http://www.public-health.uiowa.edu/iprc/resources/workplace-violence-report.pdf (accessed 6/15/13).

Gacki-Smith J , “Violence Against Nurses Working in US Emergency Departments,” Journal of Nursing Administration 39(7/8) (2009): 340.

Ditmer D , Presentation at Violence in Healthcare: Impact on the Nursing Community The 17th International Nursing Research Congress Focusing on Evidence-Based Practice, 19–22 July 2006, 2006. https://stti.confex.com/stti/congrs06/techprogram/paper_29418.htm (2/20/13).

New York State Department of Labor, “Public Employer Violence Prevention Programs,” 2009, http://www.labor.state.ny.us/workerprotection/safetyhealth/workplaceviolence.shtm (accessed 6/15/13, 12 NYCRR Part 800.6).

Design Council and Department of Health, “Reducing Violence and Aggression in Accident and Emergency Departments,” 2011, www.designcouncil.org.uk (accessed 3/15/13).

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Guidelines for Preventing Workplace Violence for Health Care and Social Workers (Publication No. OSHA 3148-01R). 2004.

Drummond DJ Sparr LF and Gordon GH , “Hospital Violence Reduction Among High-Risk Patients,” The Journal of the American Medical Association 261(17) (1989): 2531–2534.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Violence: Occupational Hazards in Hospitals. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2002-101,” 2002, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2002-101/pdfs/2002-101.pdf (accessed 2/20/2013, 2013).

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, “Workplace Violence Prevention Strategies and Research Needs, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication 2006-144,” 2006, http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2006-144/pdfs/2006-144.pdf (accessed 5/12/13).

Romano SJ , “Workplace Violence Prevention Readiness and Response,” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 2011.

Takahashi M , “Modifying Effects of Perceived Adaptation to Shift Work on Health, Wellbeing, and Alertness on the Job among Nuclear Power Plant Operators,” 2005, http://202.241.32.9/en/indu_hel/pdf/43-1-23.pdf (accessed 3/18/13).

Bouza E , “Laboratory-Aquired Clostridium Difficile Polymerase Chain Reaction Ribotype 027: A New Risk for Laboratory Workers?,” Clinical Infectious Diseases 47(11) (2008): 1493–4, (DOI:10.1086/593109).

Dorn SD , “Clostridium Difficile Colitis in a Health Care Worker: Case Report and Review of the Literature,” Digestive Diseases and Sciences 54(1) (2009): 178–80, (DOI:10.1007/s10620-008-0330-y).

SGS Shah and A Farrow, “Trends in the Availability and Usage of Electrophysical Agents in Physiotherapy Practices from 1990 to 2010: A Review. Physical Therapy Reviews 17(4) (2012): 207–226.