This article presents a typology of hope sources for patients with life-threatening illness. Ten sources of hope are detailed in the typology, including five major hope sources: religion, medical science, fallibilism, self-discipline, and renewal and deception by others (false hope). These hope sources are also divided into cognitive and behavioral dimensions. Further analysis examines varying hope orientations among patients and physicians. Suggestions for additional research are outlined.
SchulzR. and AdermanD., Clinical Research and the Stages of Dying, Omega, 5, pp. 137–143, 1974.
3.
DenzinN. K., A Note on Emotionality, Self and Interaction, American Journal of Sociology, 89, pp. 402–409, 1983.
4.
KoenigR., Anticipating Death from Cancer: Physician and Patient Attitudes, Michigan Medicine, pp. 899–905, September 1969.
5.
CaldwellD. and MisharaB., Research on Attitudes of Medical Doctors toward the Dying Patient: A Methodological Problem, Omega, 3, pp. 341–346, 1972.
6.
EdehardtM., Interferon: The New Hope for Cancer, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1981.
7.
Associated Press, Paralysis Called ‘Hopeless,’ Woman Walks to Get Degree, Fargo Forum, August 2, 1981.
8.
ChaseM., To Doctor and Patient, Test of a New Drug Is Turbulent Experience, The Wall Street Journal, September 26, 1985.
9.
ShearerL., How Top Doctors Assess Steve McQueen's Critical Case, Parade, November, pp. 24–26, 1980.
10.
CassilethB. R.LuskE. J.MillerD. S.BrownL. L., and MillerC., Psychosocial Correlates of Survival in Advanced Malignant Disease, The New England Journal of Medicine, 312, pp. 1551–1555, 1985.
11.
RoudP. C., Psychosocial Variables Associated with the Exceptional Survival of Patients with Advanced Malignant Diseases, International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 16, pp. 113–122, 1986.
12.
PattisonE. M., Religion, Faith, and Healing, in The Experience of Dying, PattisonE. M. (ed.), Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1977.
13.
KlenowD. J., Staff Based Ideologies in a Hemodialysis Unit, Social Science and Medicine, 13A, pp. 699–705, 1979.
14.
KlenowD. J. and DasilvaF. B., Uncertain Timetables: A Case of Spare-Part Surgery, in Uncertainty: Social and Behavioral Dimensions, FiddleS. (ed.), Praeger, New York, 1980.
15.
GlaserB. G. and StraussA. L., Awareness of Dying, Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago, 1965.
16.
HackettT. P., How to Help the Dying Patient, Medical Economics, 43, pp. 148–160, 1966.
17.
CousinsN., Anatomy of an Illness, W. W. Norton and Co., 1979.
18.
GouldS. J., Recent Changes in the Use of Experimental Drugs, Journal of Health Care Marketing, 9, pp. 52–54, 1989.
19.
KotarbaJ. A., American Acupuncturists: The New Entrepreneures of Hope, Urban Life, 4, pp. 149–176, 1975.
20.
SimontonC. O. and SimontonS. S., Belief Systems and Management of the Emotional Aspects of Malignancy, Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 7, pp. 29–47, 1975.
21.
StewartD. C. and SullivanT. J., Illness Behavior and the Sick Role in Chronic Disease: The Case of Multiple Sclerosis, Social Science and Medicine, 16, pp. 1397–1404, 1982.
FoxR. C. and SwazeyJ. P., The Courage to Fail: A Social View of Organ Transplants and Dialysis, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974.
25.
VeatchR. M., Death, Dying and the Biological Revolution, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1976.
26.
BlumR. H., The Management of the Doctor-Patient Relationship, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1960.
27.
DeSpelderL. A. and StricklandA. L., The Last Dance: Encountering Death and Dying, Mayfield, Palo Alto, California, 1987.
28.
CassilethB. R.LuskE. J.StrouseT. B., and BodenheimerB. J., Contemporary Unorthodox Treatments in Cancer Medicine: A Study of Patients, Treatments, and Practitioners, Annals of Internal Medicine, 101, pp. 105–112, 1984.
29.
BuehlerJ. A., What Contributes to Hope in the Cancer Patient, American Journal of Nursing, 75, pp. 1353–1356, 1975.
30.
HickeyS. S., Enabling Hope, Cancer Nursing, 9, pp. 133–137, 1986.
31.
CreechR. H., The Psychologic Support of the Cancer Patient: A Medical Oncologist's Viewpoint, Seminars in Oncology, 2, pp. 285–292, 1975.
32.
LangeS. P., Hope, in Behavioral Concepts and Nursing Intervention (2nd Edition), CarlsonC. E. and BlackwellB. (eds.), J. B. Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1978.
33.
HochschildA., Emotion Work, Feeling Rules, and Social Structure, American Journal of Sociology, 85, pp. 551–575, 1979.
