This annotated bibliography explores the ethical implications of the U.S. Government's reframing of HIV/AIDS in Africa from a public health to a national security threat in the late 1990s. It emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages from a utilitarian viewpoint of likely increased national agenda and funding priority in the United States and the offsetting potential distrust of developing countries about the long history of U.S. exploitation and colonialism. The annotated selections are drawn primarily from U.S. Government documents and news reports during 1999–2000 when this transition was occurring.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Emerging Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS, Emerging Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, 1996.
2.
GarrettL., Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health, Hyperion, New York, 2000.
3.
ElfstromG., Ethics for a Shrinking World, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1990.
4.
HoffmanS., Duties Beyond Borders, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981.
5.
DevereauxJ. A. S. J., The Moral Dimensions of International Conduct: The Jesuit Community Lectures: 1982, Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C., 1983.
6.
MannJ., Healthcare and Human Rights, presentation at International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care's (IAPAC) First International Conference on Health Care Resource Allocation for HIV/AIDS and Other Life-Threatening Illnesses, Washington, D.C., November 10–11, 1997.
7.
U.S. International HIV/AIDS Activities: Fact Sheet, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State, November 30, 1999.
8.
Statement Announcing the Appointment of the Presidential Envoy for AIDS Cooperation, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 36: 33, pp. 1855–1901, 2000 Presidential Documents.
9.
TateD., Clinton-AIDS (Update), Voice of America, 2:55 pm, May 1, 2000.
10.
ChowkaP., AIDS Deemed a “National Security Threat” by U.S. as South African President Challenges Medical Orthodoxy, Natural Heathline News, May 1, 2000.
11.
DevereauxJ. A. S. J., The Moral Dimensions of International Conduct: The Jesuit Community Lectures: 1982, Georgetown University Press, Washington, D.C., 1983.
12.
ElfstromG., Ethics for a Shrinking World, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1990.
13.
GarrettL., Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health, Hyperion, New York, 2000.
14.
GellmanB., AIDS is Declared Threat to Security, Washington Post, April 30, 2000.
15.
GellmanB., AIDS in Africa, Washington Post, p. A01, July 5, 2000.
16.
GeshekterC., The Plague That Isn't, Globe and Mail, Toronto, Canada, March 14, 2000.
17.
HoffmanS., Duties Beyond Borders, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, New York, 1981.
18.
HolbrookeR. C., Battling the AIDS Pandemic, Global Issues: AIDS, U.S. Information Government Journals, July 2000.
19.
MannJ. MD, MPH, Healthcare and Human Rights, presentation by Jonathan Mann at International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care's (IAPAC) First International Conference on Health Care Resource Allocation for HIV/AIDS and Other Life-Threatening Illnesses, Washington, D.C., November 10–11, 1997.
20.
McGovernG., Pro & Con: Why the United States Should Work through the United Nations, Intellectual Capitol, Thursday, June 26, 1997.
21.
NoahD.Lt. Col. Dr. and FidasG., The Global Infectious Disease Threat and Its Implications for the United States, NIE 99–17D, National Intelligence Council, de-classified CIA document, January 2000.
22.
RothK., Human Rights and the AIDS Crisis: The Debate Over Resources, speech delivered by Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, at plenary session of the XII International AIDS Conference, Durban, South Africa, July 11, 2000.
23.
SangerD., Sometimes National Security Says It All, The New York Times, p. WK3, May 7, 2000.
24.
SatcherD. M. D., The Global HIV/AIDS Epidemic, JAMA, 281: 16, April 28, 1999.
25.
TateD., Clinton-AIDS (Update), Voice of America, 2:55 pm, May 1, 2000.
26.
ThurmanS., Fighting AIDS Together, comments by Sandra Thurman, Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy, at the 1999 National Conference on African Americans and HIV/AIDS, February 25, 1999.
27.
ThurmanS., Written Testimony Submitted by Sandra Thurman, Director of the Office of National AIDS Policy to the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations Subcommittee on African Affairs, Fighting AIDS Together, February 24, 2000.
28.
WeissmanR., In Focus: AIDS and Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines, Foreign Policy in Focus, 4: 13, Interhemispheric Resource Center and the Institute for Policy Studies, August 1999.
29.
AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases as a National Security Threat, Survive AIDS Writer's Pool, San Francisco, August 20, 2000.
30.
AIDS Becoming Africa's Top Human Security Issue UN Warns: Devastating Epidemic Threatens Social and Political Stability, Press Release2000, New York, January 10, 2000.
31.
Clinton Administration Declares AIDS a Security Threat, CNN News, 8:09 pm, April 30, 2000.
32.
Clinton Declares War on AIDS, ABC News, April 30, 2000.
33.
Emerging Infectious Diseases and HIV/AIDS, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, 1996.
34.
1999 U.S. International Response to HIV/AIDS, released by the Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State, March 16, 1999.
35.
Opinion: AIDS and National Security, The Chicago Tribune, May 8, 2000.
36.
Plan of Action: The Initiative, Joining Forces for LIFE: Leadership and Investment in Fighting an Epidemic, A Global AIDS Initiative, The White House, 1999.
37.
Remarks as prepared for delivery by Vice-President Al Gore at the U.N. Security Council Session on AIDS in Africa, Fighting AIDS Together, The White House, Office of the Vice-President, January 10, 2000.
38.
Statement Announcing the Appointment of the Presidential Envoy for AIDS Cooperation, Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, 36: 33, pp. 1855–1901, 2000 Presidential Documents.
39.
United States National Security Strategy 2000: African Section (Sub-Saharan Africa), Office of African Affairs, U.S. Department of Defense, 2000.
40.
U.S. International HIV/AIDS Activities: Fact Sheet, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, U.S. Department of State, November 30, 1999.
41.
Zimbabwe Emphasizes Ethics' Role in Combating HIV/AIDS, Xinhua News Agency, Harare, Zimbabwe, September 22, 2000.
