For decades, researchers have been interested in archaeological sites on California's Channel Islands that contain large concentrations of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) shells. Known as red abalone middens and dated to between about 7500 and 3500 years ago, these sites have been used to understand broad subsistence patterns, provide chrono-stratigraphic control, and investigate past environmental changes in the region. Most detailed studies have focused on red abalone middens from Santa Cruz Island, with comparatively limited data from other islands. Analysis of a red abalone midden sample excavated from a large dune site on San Miguel Island illustrates the diversity of the red abalone site type and associated human behaviors. Rapid changes in the primary midden constituents, from California mussels (Mytilus californianus) and sea mammals to red abalones, demonstrate the complexities of differentiating between the effects of environmental change, human food choices, and ecological changes associated with human impacts on local environments.
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