The results of the present research show, first, that repressers' waking images are less vivid than sensitizers' waking images. They show, also, that hypnosis increases the vividness of repressers' images, but not the vividness of sensitizers' images. Such results were predicted by the theory of cognitive-state monitoring and its corollary, that wakeful image-monitoring plays a role in repressing potentially traumatic images.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
FreudS., On Creativity and the Unconscious (selection of 1908–1923 papers), NelsonB. (ed.) and RiviereJ. (trans.), Harper and Row, 1958.
2.
AhsenA., Eidetics: Neural Experiential Growth Potential for the Treatment of Accident Traumas, Debilitating Stress Conditions, and Chronic Emotional Blocking, Journal of Mental Imagery, 2, pp. 1–22, 1978.
3.
KunzendorfR. G., Self-Consciousness as the Monitoring of Cognitive States: A Theoretical Perspective, manuscript submitted for publication, 1983.
4.
SarbinT. R. and JuhaszJ. B., The Social Context of Hallucinations, Journal of Mental Imagery, 2, pp. 117–144, 1978.
5.
SingerJ. L. and SchonbarR., Correlates of Daydreaming: A Dimension of Self-Awareness, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 25, pp. 1–6, 1961.
6.
SingerJ. L., Fantasy: The Foundation of Serenity, Psychology Today, pp. 32–37, July 1976.
7.
NemiahJ. C. and SifneosP. E., Affect and Fantasy in Patients with Psychosomatic Disorders, Modern Trends in Psychosomatic Medicine, Butterworths, London, pp. 26–34, 1970.
8.
SifneosP. E., The Prevalence of ‘Alexithmic’ Characteristics in Psychosomatic Patients, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 22, pp. 255–262, 1973.
9.
NemiahJ. C., Denial Revisited: Reflections and Psychosomatic Therapy, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 26, pp. 140–147, 1975.
10.
RodinJ. and SingerJ. L., Eye-Shift, Thought, and Obesity, Journal of Personality, 44, pp. 594–610, 1976.
11.
CarrollD.BakerJ., and PrestonM., Individual Differences in Visual Imaging and the Voluntary Control of Heart Rate, British Journal of Psychology, 70, pp. 39–49, 1979.
12.
IkedaY. and HiraiH., Voluntary Control of Electrodermal Activity in Relation to Imagery and Internal Perception Scores, Psychophysiology, 13, pp. 330–333, 1976.
13.
BarberT. X., Changing “Unchangeable” Bodily Processes by (Hypnotic) Suggestions: A New Look at Hypnosis, Cognitions, Imagining, and the Mind-Body Problem, in Imagination and Healing, SheikhA. A. (ed.), Baywood Publishing Company, Farmingdale, New York, pp. 69–127, 1984.
14.
HallH., Imagery and Cancer, in Imagination and Healing, SheikhA. A. (ed.), Baywood Publishing Company, Farmingdale, New York, pp. 159–169, 1984.
15.
SheikhA. A. and KunzendorfR. G., Imagery, Physiology, and Psychosomatic Illness, International Review of Mental Imagery, 1, pp. 95–138, 1984.
16.
AhsenA., Eidetics: An Overview, Journal of Mental Imagery, 1, pp. 5–38, 1977.
17.
SingerJ. L., Daydreaming: An Introduction to the Experimental Study of Inner Experience, Random House, New York, 1966.
18.
KunzendorfR. G., Hypnotic Hallucinations as “Unmonitored” Images: An Empirical Study, Manuscript submitted for publication, 1983.
19.
ByrneD., The Repression-Sensitization Scale: Rationale, Reliability, and Validity, Journal of Personality, 29, pp. 334–349, 1961.
20.
MarksD., Visual Imagery Differences in the Recall of Pictures, British Journal of Psychology, 64, pp. 17–24, 1973.
21.
GillM. M., Spontaneous Regression on the Induction of Hypnosis, Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 12, pp. 41–48, 1948.
22.
RosenH., Hypnotherapy in Clinical Psychiatry, Julian Press, New York, 1953.
23.
GillM. M. and BrenmanM., Hypnosis and Related States: Psychoanalytic Studies in Regression, International Universities Press, New York, 1959.
24.
MearesA., A System of Medical Hypnosis, W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1960.
25.
LevittE. E. and HershmanS., The Clinical Practice of Hypnosis in the United States: A Preliminary Survey, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 11, pp. 55–65, 1962.
26.
OrneM. T., Undesirable Effects of Hypnosis: The Determinants and Management, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 13, pp. 226–237, 1965.
27.
EricksonM. H. and KubieL. S., The Permanent Relief of an Obsessional Phobia by Means of Communication with an Unsuspected Dual Personality, Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 8, pp. 471–509, 1939.
28.
BowersM. K. and BrecherS., The Emergence of Multiple Personalities in the Course of Hypnotic Investigation, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 3, pp. 188–199, 1955.
29.
BraunB. G., Hypnosis Creates Multiple Personality: Myth or Reality?International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 32, pp. 191–197, 1984.
30.
HilgardE. R., Imagery and Imagination in American Psychology, Journal of Mental Imagery, 5, pp. 5–65, 1981.
31.
HilgardE. R. and HilgardJ. R., Hypnosis in the Relief of Pain, (Appendices A and B), William Kaufmann, Los Altos, California, 1975.
32.
SpanosN. P. and RadtkeH. L., Hypnotic Visual Hallucinations as Imaginings: A Cognitive-Social Psychological Perspective, Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 1, pp. 147–170, 1981–82.
33.
SchneckJ. M., Hypnotic Hallucinatory Behavior, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 1, pp. 4–11, 1953.
34.
HalpernS., On the Similarity between Hypnotic and Mescaline Hallucinations, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 9, pp. 139–149, 1961.
35.
RossiA. M.SturrockJ. B., and SolomonP., Suggested Effects on Reported Imagery in Sensory Deprivation, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 16, pp. 39–45, 1963.
36.
BowersK. S., The Effect of Demands for Honesty on Reports of Visual and Auditory Hallucinations, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 15, pp. 31–36, 1967.
37.
StrossL. and ShevrinH. A., A Comparison of Dream Recall in Wakefulness and Hypnosis, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 15, pp. 63–71, 1967.
38.
BarrettD., The Hypnotic Dream: Its Relation to Nocturnal Dreams and Waking Fantasies, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, pp. 584–591, 1979.
39.
SpanosN. P.HamM. W., and BarberT. X., Suggested (“Hypnotic”) Visual Hallucinations: Experimental and Phenomenological Data, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, pp. 96–106, 1973.
40.
SpanosN. P.McPeakeJ. D., and CarterW., Effects of Pretesting on Response to a Visual Hallucination Suggestion in Hypnotic Subjects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 28, pp. 293–297, 1973.
41.
HamM. W. and SpanosN. P., Suggested Auditory and Visual Hallucinations in Task-Motivated and Hypnotic Subjects, American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 17, pp. 94–101, 1974.
42.
BarberT. X. and WilsonS. C., Hypnosis, Suggestions, and Altered States of Consciousness: Experimental Evaluation of the New Cognitive-Behavioral Theory and the Traditional Trance-State Theory of “Hypnosis,”Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 196, pp. 34–47, 1977.
43.
StarkerS., Effects of Hypnotic Induction upon Visual Imagery, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 159, pp. 433–437, 1977.
44.
SpanosN. P.MullensD., and RiversS. M., The Effects of Suggestion Structure and Hypnotic vs. Task-Motivation Instructions on Response to Hallucination Suggestions, Journal of Research in Personality, 13, pp. 59–70, 1979.
45.
CoeW. C.St. JeanR. L., and BurgerJ. M., Hypnosis and the Enhancement of Visual Imagery, International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis, 28, pp. 225–243, 1980.
46.
SpanosN. P.NightingaleM. E.RadtkeH. L., and StamH. J., The Stuff Hypnotic “Dreams” Are Made of, Journal of Mental Imagery, 4, pp. 99–110, 1980.
