Although population assistance represents a relatively small share of official development assistance, it influences many other aspects of development planning. The organizations that comprise the population establishment have a common purpose—the reduction of population growth in the Third World—but they are not homogeneous and sometimes have conflicting goals and strategies. National governments, multilateral agencies, nongovernmental organizations, foundations, academic centers, and pressure groups all contribute to creating and sustaining what has become a virtual population control industry. Through scholarships, travel grants, awards, and favorable publicity, Third World elites have been encouraged to join the population establishment. The World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, and the U.N. Fund for Population Activities have pursued explicit strategies for pressuring Third World governments to design and implement population policies, most recently in Africa.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
World Bank Population, Health and Nutrition Department. Population in Developing Countries: Implications for the World Bank. Discussion Draft. World Bank, Washington, D.C., June 1994.
2.
United Nations Development Program. Human Development Report 1993. Oxford University Press, New York, 1993.
3.
ConlyS. R.SpeidelJ. J.Global Population Assistance: A Report Card on the Major Donor Countries. Population Action International, Washington, D.C., 1993.
4.
U. S. Agency for International Development. USAID Strategy Papers. Draft. LPA Revision 10/5/93. Washington, D.C., 1993.
5.
GreenhouseS.U.S. to spend more on birth control. New York Times, January 23, 1994.
6.
AtwoodJ. B.Remarks of the Honorable J. Brian Atwood, USAID Administrator, to the Central Council of the International Planned Parenthood Federation. Washington, D.C., November 22, 1993.
7.
Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Japan's Global Issues Initiative (GII) on Population and AIDS. n.d.
8.
HartmannB.Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of Population Control. South End Press, Boston, 1995.
9.
United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Europeans adopt population agenda. Population18(3), 1992.
10.
MPs call for doubling of aid budget to halt world population explosion. Guardian, March 8, 1994.
11.
All Party Parliamentary Group on Population. NGO Review 1993. House of Commons, London, March 1994.
12.
United Nations Fund for Population Activities. 1991 Report. New York, 1992.
13.
United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Women, Population and the Environment. New York, 1992.
14.
Official of United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Personal interviews. New York, February 1984.
15.
SaiF. T.ChesterL.The role of the World Bank in shaping third world population policy. In Population Policy: Contemporary Issues, edited by RobertsG., Praeger Publishers, New York, 1990.
16.
World Bank Operations Evaluation Department. Population and the World Bank: Implications from Eight Case Studies. World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1992.
17.
Cairo Group. Population Control and Coercive Lending: How the U.S. and the International Financial Institutions Impose Policies on Borrowers. Washington, D.C., 1993–1994.
18.
GibbonP.Population and poverty in the changing ideology of the Word Bank. In Population and the Development Crisis in the South. Proceedings from a conference in Bastad, April 17–18, 1991. Program on Population and Development in Poor Countries, University of Lund, Sweden, 1991.
19.
MerrickT., World Bank senior population adviser. Personal communication, St. Louis, Mo., March 1994.
20.
International Planned Parenthood Federation. IPPF Annual Report 1993–94. London, 1994.
21.
Population Council. Population Council Annual Report 1991. New York, 1992.
22.
Ford Foundation. The Ford Foundation's Work in Population. New York, 1985.
23.
DemerathN. J.Birth Control and Foreign Policy: The Alternatives to Family Planning. Harper and Row, New York, 1979.
24.
HarkavyO.Foundation Strategy for Population Work. Discussion Paper, Session X, March 1968, p. 3. Ford Foundation Archives No. 009491. Reproduced in Population Explosion: The Making of a Vision, edited by HeimS.SchazU., FINRRAGE and Frauenanstiftung, Hamburg, 1993.
25.
KnowlesJ. C.Tools for population policy development. OPTIONS for Population Policy Project. In Ambassadors of Colonialism: The International Development Trap. Working Paper No. 4, IPFA Foreign Policy Series. Information Project for Africa, Washington, D.C., 1993.
26.
Population Crisis Committee. Private organizations in the population field. Population16, December 1985.
27.
Population Crisis Committee. Highlights of 1983 Activities. Summary Report. Washington, D.C., 1983.
28.
The Global Committee of Parliamentarians on Population and Development. Statement on population stabilization by world leaders. New York Times, October 20, 1985.
29.
WarwickD.Bitter Pills: Population Policies and Their Implementation in Eight Developing Countries. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1982.
30.
McNamaraR. S.Time bomb or myth: The population problem. Foreign Aff., Summer 1984.
31.
World Bank. Wold Development Report 1984. Oxford University Press, New York, 1984.
32.
BerelsonB.LiebersonJ.Government efforts to influence fertility: The ethical issues. Popul. Dev. Rev.5: 4, 1979.
33.
OPTIONS. Final Report, OPTIONS First Phase. Submitted to the U.S. Agency for International Development, May 15, 1992. Reproduced in Ambassadors of Colonialism, Appendix Two. Information Project for Africa, Washington, D.C., 1993.
KisekkaM. N.Women's Health Issues in Nigeria. Tamaza Publishing Co., Zaria, 1992.
36.
OgbulieN.Family planning gulps N1.53b. Guardian (Nigeria), October 25, 1992.
37.
United Nations Fund for Population Activities. Nigeria consensus: All present and accounted for?Populi1(1), 1992.
38.
MillerJ. A.Nigeria's population bomb fizzles out. Wall Street Journal, May 12, 1992.
39.
van ArendonkJ.Personal interview, New York, February 1984.
40.
SinghJ. S.Ten years on…. Development Forum, June 1984.
41.
GoodmanA.von HennebergK.Population conference ignored key issues. Boston Globe, August 29, 1984.
42.
U.S. Government.U.S. policy statement for the International Conference on Population. Reproduced in The Ford Foundation's Work in Population. Ford Foundation, New York, 1985.
