It is widely, although erroneously, assumed that Folsom Fluted projectile points are confined to the Plains of western North America. Projectile points morphologically identical to the western forms are relatively common throughout the upper Mississippi drainage basin as far east as eastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana. Their distribution east of the Plains coincides closely with the distribution of both prairie-like vegetation and bison at ca. 11,000 B.P., suggesting a similarity in the adaptations of both the eastern and western participants in the Folsom Tradition.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllenMitchell1978Artifact Found by Mitchell Allen, Columbus Junction, Iowa Archaeological Society Newsletter, 89, p. 1.
2.
AgoginoGeorge A. and FrankforterW. D.1960Paleo-Indian Bison Kill in Northwestern Iowa, American Antiquity, 25, pp. 414–415.
3.
AndersonDuane C. and SemkenHolmes A.Jr. (Eds.) 1980The Cherokee Excavations: Holocene Ecology and Human Adaptations in Northwest Iowa, Academic Press, New York.
4.
BakerRichard G.Van ZantKent L., and DulianJames J.1980Three Late-Glacial Pollen and Plant Macrofossil Assemblages from Iowa, Palynology, 4, pp. 197–203.
5.
BarthRobert J.1987An Archaeological Survey of the Red Cedar River Valley, manuscript on file at State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.
6.
BernaboJ. Christopher and WebbThompsonIII1977Changing Patterns in the Holocene Pollen Record of Northeastern North America: A Mapped Summary, Quaternary Research, 8, pp. 64–96.
7.
BottomsEdward1965Kentucky Paleo-Indian Projectile Points, Chesopiean, 3, pp. 117–123.
8.
BrugamRichard B.GrimmEric C., and Eyster-SmithNancy M.1988Holocene Environmental Changes in Lily Lake, Minnesota inferred from Fossil Diatom and Pollen Assemblages, Quaternary Research, 30, pp. 53–66.
9.
ByersDouglas S.1942Fluted Points from Wisconsin, American Antiquity, 4, p. 400.
10.
ByersDouglas S.1954Bull Brook—A Fluted Point Site in Ipswich, Massachusetts, American Antiquity, 19, pp. 343–351.
11.
CaineChristy A. H.1974The Archaeology of the Snake River Region in Minnesota, in Aspects of Upper Great Lakes Anthropology, JohnsonE. (ed.), Minnesota Prehistoric Archaeology Series, 11, pp. 55–63.
12.
ChapmanCarl H.1975The Archaeology of Missouri, I, University of Missouri Press, Columbia.
13.
CushingEdward J.1965Problems in the Quaternary Phytogeography of the Great Lakes Region, in The Quaternary of the United States, WrightH. E.Jr. and FreyD. G. (eds.), Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp. 403–416.
14.
DeeveyE. S.Jr.GrossM. S.HutchinsonG. E., and KraybillH. L.1954The Natural C14 Contents of Materials from Hard-water Lakes, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 40: 5, pp. 285–288.
15.
DelcourtPaul A. and DelcourtHazel R.1981Vegetation Maps of Eastern North America: 40,000 yr B.P. to the Present, in Geobotany II, RomansR. C. (ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 123–165.
16.
DellingMarilyn P.1966A Folsom Point from Boone County, Missouri, Plains Anthropologist, 11, p. 235.
17.
FigginsJesse D.1927The Antiquity of Man in America, Natural History, 27, pp. 229–239.
18.
FigginsJesse D.1933A Further Contribution to the Antiquity of Man in America, Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, 12: 2, pp. 4–8.
19.
FlaskerdG. A.1945Some Folsom and Yuma Type Points from Minnesota, Minnesota Archaeologist, 11, pp. 32–33.
20.
FowlerMelvin L.1954Some Fluted Projectile Points from Illinois, American Antiquity, 20, pp. 170–171.
21.
GalbreathEdwin E.1938Post-Glacial Fossil Vertebrates from East-Central Illinois, Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series, 6, pp. 303–313.
22.
GuildayJohn E.1982Appalachia 11,000–12,000 Years Ago: A Biological Review, Archaeology of Eastern North America, 10, pp. 22–26.
23.
GuildayJohn E.MartinPaul S., and McCradyAllen D.1964New Paris No. 4: A Late Pleistocene Cave Deposit in Bedford County, Pennsylvania, Bulletin of the National Speleological Society, 26, pp. 121–194.
24.
HarrisonWilliam F.KarchClaude, and SpringerJames W.1977Morphology and Distribution of Paleo-Indian Points from the Kishwaukee Basin, DeKalb County, Illinois, Wisconsin Archeologist, 58, pp. 33–58.
25.
HayOliver P.1923The Pleistocene of North America and Its Vertebrated Animals from the States East of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian Provinces East of Longitude 95*, Carnegie Institute of Washington Publication, 322, pp. 1–499.
26.
HesterJames J.1972Blackwater Locality No. 1: A Stratified Early Man Site in Eastern New Mexico, Ft. Bergwin Research Center Publication, 8, pp. 1–239.
27.
HolmanJ. Alan1965A Late Pleistocene Herptofauna from Missouri, Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 58, pp. 190–194.
28.
HowardEdgar B.1935Evidence of Early Man in America, University of Pennsylvania Museum Journal, 24, pp. 53–171.
29.
IvesPatricia C.LevinBetsyOmanCharles L., and RubinMeyer1967U. S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates IX, Radiocarbon, 9, pp. 505–529.
30.
JelgersmaSaskia1962A Late-Glacial Pollen Diagram from Madelia, Southcentral Minnesota, American Journal of Science, 200, pp. 522–529.
31.
JohnsonEileen1974Zooarchaeology of the Lubbock Lake Site, in History and Prehistory of the Lubbock Late Site, BlackC. C. (ed.), West Texas Museum Association, Texas Tech University, Museum Journal, 15, pp. 107–122.
32.
JonesRobert R.1948Archaeological Investigations in Polk, Barron, and Rusk Counties, Wisconsin Archeologist, 29, pp. 1–17.
33.
KingJames E.1981Late Quaternary Vegetational History of Illinois, Ecological Monographs, 51, pp. 46–63.
34.
KüchlerAugust W.1964The Potential Natural Vegetation of the Coterminous United States, American Geographical Society Special Publication, 16, pp. 1–116.
35.
LantzStanley W.1984Distribution of Paleo-Indian Projectile Points and Tools from Western Pennsylvania: Implications for Regional Differences, Archaeology of Eastern North America, 12, pp. 210–230.
36.
LeidyJoseph1854Notice of Some Fossil Bones Discovered by Mr. Francis A. Lincke, in the Banks of the Ohio River, Indiana, Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 7, pp. 199–201.
37.
LeidyJoseph1870Untitled, Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, 22, p. 13.
38.
LewisT. M. N. and KnebergMadeline1951Early Projectile Point Forms, and Examples from Tennessee, Tennessee Archaeologist, 7, pp. 6–19.
39.
LundeliusErnest L.Jr.GrahamRussell W.AndersonElaineGuildayJohn E.HolmanAlan J.SteadmanDavid W., and WebbDavid S.1983Terrestrial Vertebrate Faunas, in Late Quaternary Environments of the United States: Volume 1, The Late Pleistocene, WrightH. E.Jr. (ed.), University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 311–353.
40.
MasonRonald J.1962The Paleo-Indian Tradition in Eastern North America, Current Anthropology, 3, pp. 227–246.
41.
McCaryBen C.1951A Workshop of Early Man in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, American Antiquity, 17, pp. 9–17.
42.
McDonaldJerry N.1981North American Bison: Their Classification and Evolution, University of California Press, Berkeley.
43.
McMillanR. Bruce1976The Dynamics of Cultural and Environmental Change at Rodgers Shelter, Missouri, in Prehistoric Man and His Environments: A Case Study in the Ozark Highlands, WoodW. R. and McMillanR. B. (eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 211–232.
44.
MunsonPatrick J.. n.d. The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Larger Mammals from the Prairie Creek Site, Daviess County, Indiana, unpublished manuscript.
45.
ParmaleePaul W. and KlippelWalter E.1981A Late Pleistocene Population of the Pocket Gopher, Geomys cf. bursarius, in the Nashville Basin, Tennessee, Journal of Mammalogy, 64, pp. 831–835.
46.
PerdunGregory L.1988Ready's Paleo-Indian Site, Central States Archaeological Journal, 35, pp. 134–137.
47.
PerinoGregory1967Early Projectile Points Found, Central States Archaeological Journal, 14, pp. 103–106.
48.
PerinoGregory1974Recent Discoveries of Folsom Points in Illinois, Artifacts, 4: 2, pp. 14–15.
49.
RayClayton E.CooperByron N., and BenninghoffWilliam S.1967Fossil Animals and Pollen in a Late Pleistocene Deposit at Saltville, Virginia, Journal of Paleontology, 41, pp. 608–622.
50.
RichardsRonald L.1985Quaternary Remains of the Spotted Skunk, Spilogale putorius, in Indiana, Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 94, pp. 657–666.
51.
RiggsElmer S.1936A Pleistocene Bog Deposit and Its Fossil Fauna, Transactions of the Illinois State Academy of Science, 29, pp. 186–189.
52.
RitzenthalerRobert1966The Kouba Site: Paleo-Indian in Wisconsin, Wisconsin Archeologist, 47, pp. 171–187.
53.
RobertsFrank H. H.1939The Folsom Problem in American Archaeology, Annual Report of the Smithsonian Institution for1938, pp. 531–546.
54.
RoosaWilliam B.1965Some Great Lakes Fluted Point Types, Michigan Archaeologist, 11, pp. 89–102.
55.
RowePaul R.1952Early Horizons of Mills County, Iowa: Part I, Evidences of Early Man, Iowa Archaeological Society Journal, 1: 3, pp. 6–13.
56.
RubinMeyer and AlexanderCorrinne1958U. S. Geological Survey Radiocarbon Dates IV, Science, 127, pp. 1476–1487.
57.
SalzerRobert J.1981The Kutz Site (47-JE-243), Jefferson County, Wisconsin, Wisconsin Archaeologist, 62, pp. 53–83.
58.
SalzerRobert J. and StockMark1961A Fluted Point from Jefferson County, Wisconsin Archeologist, 42, pp. 133–135.
59.
SchultzC. BertrandTannerLloyd G.WhitmoreFrank C.Jr.RayLouis L., and CrawfordEllis C.1962Paleontologic Investigations at Big Bone Lick State Park, Kentucky: A Preliminary Report, Science, 142, pp. 1167–1169.
60.
ShaneLinda C. K.1987Late-Glacial Vegetational and Climatic History of the Allegheny Plateau and the Till Plains of Ohio and Indiana, U. S. A., Boreas, 16, pp. 1–20.
61.
ShayC. Thomas1971The Itasca Bison Kill Site: An Ecological Analysis, Minnesota Historical Society, St. Paul.
62.
ShetroneHenry C.1936The Folsom Phenomena as Seen from Ohio, Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly, 45, pp. 240–256.
63.
StoltmanJames B. and WorkmanKaren1969A Preliminary Study of Wisconsin Fluted Points, Wisconsin Archeologist, 50, pp. 189–214.
64.
TranseauEdgar N.1935The Prairie Peninsula, Ecology, 16, pp. 423–437.
65.
Van BurenG. E.1974Arrowheads and Projectile Points, Arrowhead Publishing Co., Garden Grove, California.
66.
Van ZantKent1979Late Glacial and Postglacial Pollen and Plant Macrofossils from Lake West Okoboji, Northwestern Iowa, Quaternary Research, 12, pp. 358–380.
67.
WarrenRobert E.1987Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in the Eastern Prairie Peninsula: The FAP-412 Project, paper presented at the 1987 Midwest Archaeological Conference, Milwaukee.
68.
WestR. G.1961Late- and Postglacial Vegetational History in Wisconsin, Particularly Changes Associated with the Valders Readvance, American Journal of Science, 259, pp. 766–783.
69.
WilmsenEdwin N. and RobertsFrank H. H.1978Lindenmeier, 1934–1974: Concluding Report on Investigations, Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology, 24, pp. 1–187.
70.
WilsonGeorge R.1919Early Indiana Trails and Surveys, Indiana Historical Society Publication, 6, pp. 347–457.
71.
WitthoftJohn1952A Paleo-Indian Site in Eastern Pennsylvania: An Early Hunting Culture, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 96, pp. 464–495.
72.
WolfeDave1980Untitled Note, Iowa Archaeological Society Newsletter, 96, p. 13.
73.
WormingtonH. M.1949Ancient Man in North America, Denver Museum of Natural History Popular Series, (3rd ed.), 4, pp. 1–198.
74.
WorthenA. H.1873Geology of Sangamon County, Geological Survey of Illinois, 5, pp. 306–319.
75.
WrightH. E.Jr.WinterT. C., and PattenH. L.1963Two Pollen Diagrams from Southeastern Minnesota: Problems in the Late-Glacial and Postglacial Vegetational History, Geological Society of America Bulletin, 74, pp. 1371–1396.
