Many studies of personality and psychiatric state among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suffer from methodological weaknesses. This review considers these weaknesses, and suggests criteria that should be met for the sound design of studies that are intended to demonstrate a role for personality traits and psychiatric states in the aetiology and course of the disease. These criteria include the method used to diagnose RA, sample size, the appropriateness of the tests of personality and psychiatric state for use with RA, and the matching of RA subjects with controls.
RekolaJ. K., Rheumatoid Arthritis and the Family, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology Supplement, 3, pp. 1–117, 1973.
2.
CrownS.CrownM. J., Personality in Early Rheumatoid Disease, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 17, pp. 189–196, 1973.
3.
MindhamR. H. S.BagshawA.JamesS. A., Factors Associated with the Appearance of Psychiatric Symptoms in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 25, pp. 429–435, 1981.
4.
RobinsonH.KirkR. F.FryeR. L., A Psychological Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis and Selected Controls, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 23, pp. 791–801, 1971.
5.
RimonR., A Psychosomatic Approach to Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Clinical Study of 100 Female Patients, Acta Rheumatologica Scandinavica Supplement, 13, pp. 1–154, 1969.
6.
GardinerB. M., Psychological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psychological Medicine, 10, pp. 159–163, 1980.
7.
LiangM. H.RogerersM.LarsonM., The Psychosocial Impact of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 27, pp. 13–19, 1984.
8.
SpergelP.EhrlichG. E.GlassD., The Rheumatoid Arthritic Personality: A Psychodiagnostic Myth, Psychosomatics, 19, pp. 79–85, 1978.
9.
WardD. J., Rheumatoid Arthritis and Personality: A Controlled Study, British Medical Journal, 2, pp. 297–299, 1971.
10.
MeenanR. F.GertmanP. M.MasonJ. H., Measuring Health Status in Arthritis: The Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 23, pp. 146–152, 1980.
11.
PincusT.CallahanL. F.BradleyL., Elevated MMPI Scores for Hypochondriasis, Depression, and Hysteria in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Reflect Disease Rather than Psychological Status, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29, pp. 1456–1466, 1986.
12.
ScotchN. A.GeigerH. J., The Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review with Special Attention to Social Factors, Journal of Chronic Disease, 15, pp. 1037–1067, 1962.
13.
MoosR., Personality Factors Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 17, pp. 41–55, 1964.
14.
HoffmanA. L., Psychological Factors Associated with Rheumatold Arthritis: Review of the Literature, Nursing Research, 23, pp. 218–234, 1974.
15.
WeinerH., Psychobiology and Human Disease, Elsevier North-Holland, New York, 1977.
16.
SolomonG. F., Emotional Personality Factors in the Onset and Course of Autoimmune Disease, Particularly Rheumatoid Arthritis, in Psychoneuroimmunology, AderR. (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1981.
17.
Achterberg-LawlisJ., The Psychological Dimensions of Arthritis, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, pp. 984–992, 1982.
18.
BaumJ., A Review of the Psychological Aspects of Rheumatic Disease, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism, 11, pp. 352–361, 1982.
19.
BradleyL. A., Psychological Aspects of Arthritis, Bulletin of Rheumatic Disease, 35:4, pp. 1–12, 1985.
20.
AndersonK. O.BradleyL. A.YoungL. D., Rheumatoid Arthritis: Review of Psychological Factors Related to Etiology, Effects and Treatment, Psychological Bulletin, 98, pp. 358–387, 1985.
21.
SkevingtonS. M., Psychological Aspects of Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Review, Social Science and Medicine, 23, pp. 567–575, 1986.
22.
BlumerD.HeilbronnM., Chronic Pain as a Variant of Depressive Disease: The Pain-Prone Disorder, Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 170, pp. 381–394, 1982.
23.
BourestomN. C.HowardM. T., Personality Characteristics of Three Disability Groups, Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 46, pp. 626–632, 1965.
24.
ClevelandS. E.FisherS., A Comparison of Psychological Characteristics and Physiological Reactivity in Ulcer and Rheumatoid Arthritic Groups. I. Psychological Measures, Psychosomatic Medicine, 22, pp. 283–289, 1960.
25.
CobbS.KaslS. V.ChenE., Some Psychological and Social Characteristics of Patients Hospitalized for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Hypertension and Duodenal Ulcer, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 18, pp. 1259–1278, 1965.
26.
CrownS.CrownJ. M.FlemingA., Aspects of the Psychology and Epidemiology of Rheumatoid Disease, Psychological Medicine, 5, pp. 291–299, 1975.
27.
CrownJ. M.CrownS., The Relationship between Personality and the Presence of Rheumatoid Factor in Early Rheumatoid Disease, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2, pp. 123–126, 1973.
28.
EarleJ. R.PerriconeP. J.MaultsbyD. M., Psychosocial Adjustment of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients from Two Alternative Treatment Settings, Journal of Rheumatology, 6, pp. 80–87, 1979.
29.
FeltonB. J.RevensonT. A.HinrichsenG. A., Stress and Coping in the Explanation of Psychological Adjustment among Chronically Ill Adults, Social Science and Medicine, 18, pp. 889–898, 1984.
30.
GanzV. H.GurlandB. J.DemingW. E., The Study of the Psychiatric Symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, pp. 207–220, 1972.
31.
Gaston-JohanssonF.JohanssonG.FelldinR., A Comparative Study of Pain Description, Emotional Discomfort and Health Perception in Patients with Chronic Pain and Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 17, pp. 109–119, 1985.
32.
GeistH., The Psychological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Thomas, Springfield, Illinois, 1966.
33.
GoldenbergD., Psychological Studies in Fibrositis, American Journal of Medicine, 3A, pp. 67–70, 1986.
34.
De HaasW. H. D.De BoerW.GriffiioenF., Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Robust Reaction Type, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 33, pp. 81–85, 1974.
35.
KaslS.CobbS., The Intrafamilial Transmission of Rheumatoid Arthritis. V. Differences between Rheumatoid Arthritics and Controls on Selected Personality Variables, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 22, pp. 239–258, 1969.
36.
KiviniemiP., Emotions and Personality in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology Supplement, 18, pp. 1–132, 1977.
37.
LangleyG. B.SheppeardH., Pain-Mood Relationships in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, New Zealand Medical Journal, 98, pp. 138–141, 1985.
38.
Leichner-HennigR.VetterG. W., Zur Beziehung von Schmerzerleben und psychischen Merkmalen bei Patienten mit Fibrositissyndrom und Patienten mit rheumatoider Arthritis, Zeitschrift für Rheumatologie, 45, pp. 139–145, 1986.
39.
MasonJ. H.WeenerJ. L.GertmanP. M., Health Status in Chronic Disease: A Comparative Study of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 10, pp. 763–768, 1983.
40.
ZaphiropoulosG.BurryH. C., Depression in Rheumatoid Disease, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 33, pp. 132–135, 1974.
41.
MoldofskyH.ChesterW. J., Pain and Mood Patterns in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Prospective Study, Psychosomatic Medicine, 32, pp. 309–318, 1970.
42.
MoldofskyH.RothmanA. I., Personality, Disease Parameters and Medication in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 24, pp. 363–372, 1971.
43.
MoosR. H.SolomonG. F., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory Response Patterns in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 8, pp. 17–23, 1964.
44.
MoosR. H.SolomonG. F., Personality Correlates of the Rapidity of Progression of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 23, pp. 145–151, 1964.
45.
MoosR. H.SolomonG. F., Psychologic Comparisons between Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Non-Arthritic Sisters. I. Personality and Interview Rating Data, Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, pp. 135–149, 1965.
46.
MoosR. H.SolomonG. F., Psychologic Comparisons between Women with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Their Non-Arthritic Sisters. II. Content Analysis of Interviews, Psychosomatic Medicine, 27, pp. 150–164, 1965.
47.
MuellerA. D.LefkovitsA. M.BryantJ. E., Some Psychosocial Factors in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 4, pp. 275–282, 1961.
48.
MurphyS.CreedF.JaysonM., Psychiatric Disorder and Illness Behaviour in Rheumatoid Arthritis, British Journal of Rheumatology, 27, pp. 357–363, 1988.
49.
NalvenF. B.O'BrienJ. F., Personality Patterns of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 7, pp. 18–28, 1964.
50.
NicassioP. M.WallstonK. A.CallahanL. F., The Measurement of Helplessness in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Development of the Arthritis Helplessness Index, Journal of Rheumatology, 12, pp. 462–467, 1985.
51.
PancheriP.TeodoriS.AparoU. L., Psychological Aspects of Rheumatoid Arthritis vis-a-vis Osteoarthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 7, pp. 42–48, 1978.
52.
PayneT.C.LeavittF.GarronD. C.Fibrositis and Psychologic Disturbance, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 25, pp. 213–217, 1982.
53.
PolleyH. F.SwensonW. M.SteinhilberR. M., Personality Characteristics of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psychosomatics, 11, pp. 45–49, 1970.
54.
PollockS. E., Human Responses to Chronic Illness: Physiologic and Psychosocial Adaptation, Nursing Research, 35, pp. 90–95, 1986.
55.
PottsM. K.KatzB. P.BrandtK. D., Prevalence and Correlates of the Type A Behavior in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psychological Reports, 57, pp. 699–706, 1985.
56.
RimonR., Rheumatoid Factor and Aggression Dynamics in Female Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2, pp. 119–122, 1973.
57.
RimonR.LaaksoR-L., Overt Psychopathology in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Fifteen Year Follow-up Study, Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 13, pp. 324–328, 1984.
58.
RobinsonH.KirkR.FryeR., A Psychological Study of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Other Painful Diseases, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16, pp. 53–56, 1972.
59.
ShochetB. R.LisanskyE. T.SchubartA. F., A Medical Psychiatric Study of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psychosomatics, 10, pp. 271–279, 1969.
60.
SkevingtonS. M.BlackwellF.BrittonN. F., Self-Esteem and Perception of Attractiveness: An Investigation of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis, British Journal of Medical Psychology, 60, pp. 45–52, 1987.
61.
VignosP. J.ThompsonH. M.KatzS., Comprehensive Care and Psychosocial Factors in Rehabilitation in Chronic Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Controlled Study, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 25, pp. 457–467, 1972.
62.
VollhardtB. R.AckermanS. H.GrayzelA. I., Psychologically Distinguishable Groups of Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Controlled Single Blind Study, Psychosomatic Medicine, 44, pp. 353–362, 1982.
63.
VollhardtB. R.AckermanS. H.ShindledeckerR. D., Verbal Expression of Affect in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients, Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 74, pp. 73–79, 1986.
64.
WilliamsR. L.KrasnoffA. G., Body Image and Physiological Patterns in Patients with Peptic Ulcer and Rheumatoid Arthritis, Psychosomatic Medicine, 26, pp. 701–709, 1964.
65.
WolfeF.CatheyM. A.KleinhekselS. M., Fibrositis (Fibromyalgia) in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 11, pp. 814–818, 1984.
66.
WolfeF.CatheyM. A.KlinehekselS. M., Psychological Status in Primary Fibrositis and Fibrositis Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Journal of Rheumatology, 11, pp. 500–506, 1984.
67.
WolffB. B.FarrR. S., Personality Characteristics in Rheumatoid Arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 7, p. 354, 1964.
68.
RogersM.WilliamsN., Rheumatology in General Practice, Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1981.
69.
KirwanJ. R.de SaintongeD. M. ChaputJoyceC. R. B., Rheumatologists' Opinions and the Development of “Paper” Patients, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 42, pp. 644–647, 1983.
70.
KirwanJ. R.de SaintongeD. M. ChaputJoyceC. R. B., British Rheumatologists' Judgements of Change in Response to Therapy, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 43, pp. 686–694, 1984.
71.
KirwanJ. R.de SaintongeD. M. ChaputJoyceC. R. B., Judging “Current Disease Activity” in Clinical Practice, Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 42, pp. 648–651, 1983.
72.
RopesM. W.BennettG. A.CobbS., Diagnostic Criteria for Rheumatoid Arthritis (1958 Revision), Annals of Rheumatic Diseases, 18, pp. 49–53, 1959.
73.
ArnettF. C.EdworthyS. M.BlochD. A., The American Rheumatism Association 1987 Revised Criteria for the Classification of Rheumatoid Arthritis, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, pp. 315–324, 1988.
74.
KellgrenJ. H., Diagnostic Criteria for Population Studies, Bulletin of Rheumatic Diseases, 13, pp. 291–292, 1962.
75.
InghamJ.MillerP., Consulting with Mild Symptoms in General Practice, Social Psychiatry, 17, pp. 77–88, 1982.
76.
HochbergM. C., Adult and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Epidemiologic Concepts, Epidemiological Review, 3, pp. 27–44, 1981.
77.
RogersM. P., Rheumatoid Arthritis: Psychiatric Aspects and Use of Psychotropics, Psychosomatics, 26, pp. 915–925, 1985.
78.
McKinlayS. M., The Design and Analysis of the Observational Study: A Review, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 70, pp. 503–520, 1975.
79.
SchlesselmanJ. J., Case-Control Studies: Design, Conduct, Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982.
80.
ColliganR. C.OsborneD.SwensonW. M., The MMPI: A Contemporary Normative Study, Praeger, New York, 1983.
81.
RookJ. C.PeschR. N.KeelerE. C., Chronic Pain and the Questionable Use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Archives of Physical and Medical Rehabilitation, 62, pp. 373–375, 1981.
82.
GurinG.VeroffJ.FieldS., Americans View Their Mental Health, Basic Books, New York, 1960.
83.
EysenckH. J., Personality, Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: A Causal Analysis, Personal and Individual Differences, 6, pp. 535–556, 1985.
84.
MatthewsK. A.HaynesS. G., Type A Behavior Pattern and Coronary Disease Risk: Update and Critical Evaluation, American Journal of Epidemiology, 123, pp. 923–960, 1986.
85.
KimballC. P., The Concept of Behavioral Specificity: Three Concepts, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 38, pp. 32–38, 1982.
86.
FeltonB. J.RevensonT. A., Coping with Chronic Illness: A Study of Illness Controllability and the Influence of Coping Strategies on Psychological Adjustment, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 52, pp. 343–353, 1984.
87.
ParkerJ. C.FrankR. G.BeckN. C., Pain Management in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. A Cognitive Behavioral Approach, Arthritis and Rheumatism, 31, pp. 593–601, 1988.