While the number of computers in the classroom continues to increase and tremendous support for technology integration exists in government, business, and academia, a major discrepancy exists between the level of technology use expected of educators and the actual use and integration of technology in the classroom. This article examines barriers that impede the effective use of technology in education.
MarcinkiewiczH. R., Computers and Teachers: Factors Influencing Computer Use in the Classroom, Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 26: 2, pp. 220–237, 1993.
3.
HiggsJ. R.DuffieldJ. A.WalsterD.FabryD. L., and GrabingerS., The Gap between Potential and Actual Use of Technology in the Classroom, unpublished manuscript, 1996.
4.
KulikC. C. and KulikJ., Effectiveness of Computer-Based Instruction: An Updated Analysis, Computers in Human Behavior, 7: 12, pp. 75–94, 1991.
5.
PisapiaJ. and PerlmanS. M., Learning Technologies in the Classroom: A Study of Results, Metropolitan Educational Research Consortium, Richmond, 1992.
6.
RyanA., Meta-Analysis of Achievement Effects of Microcomputer Applications in Elementary Schools, Educational Administration Quarterly, 27: 2, pp. 161–184, 1991.
7.
Fletcher-FlinnC. and GravettB., The Efficacy of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI): A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Educational Computing Research, 12: 3, pp. 219–242, 1995.
8.
Evans-AndrisM., An Examination of Computing Styles among Teachers in Elementary Schools, Educational Technology Research and Development, 43: 2, pp. 15–31, 1995.
9.
HuntN. P. and BolinR. M., Teacher Education Students' Attitudes toward Using Computers, Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 25: 4, pp. 487–497, 1993.
10.
KrathwohlD. R., Methods of Educational and Social Science Research, Longman Publishers, New York, 1993.
11.
KhaliliA. and ShashaaniL., The Effectiveness of Computer Applications: A Meta-Analysis, Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 27: 1, pp. 48–59, 1994.
12.
Sivan-KachalaJ. and BialoE. R., Report on the Effectiveness of Technology in Schools, ‘95-’96, Software Publishers Association, Washington, D.C., 1996.
ClarkR. E., Reconsidering Research on Learning with Media, Review of Educational Research, 53, pp. 445–459, 1983.
15.
ClarkR. E., Media Will Never Influence Learning, Educational Technology Research and Development, 42: 2, pp. 21–29, 1994.
16.
KozmaR. B., Learning with Media, Review of Educational Research, 61: 2, pp. 179–211, 1991.
17.
MeansB.BlandoJ.OlsonK.MiddletonT.MoroccoC.RemzA., and ZorfassJ., Using Technology to Support Education Reform, Department of Education Publication No. OR 93-3231, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1993.
18.
Apple Computer, Inc., Changing the Conversation about Teaching, Learning, and Technology: A Report on 10 Years of ACOT Research, 1995.
19.
DwyerD., Apple Classrooms of Tomorrow: What We've Learned, Educational Leadership, 51, pp. 4–10, 1994.
20.
KromhoutO. and ButzinM., Integrating Computers into the Elementary School Curriculum, Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 26: 1, pp. 34–45, 1993.
21.
SuttonR. E., Equity and Computers in the Schools: A Decade of Research, Educational Technology Research and Development, 61: 4, pp. 475–503, 1991.
22.
BeckerH. J., School Uses of Microcomputers: Reports from a National Survey, Center for Social Organization of Schools, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 1983.
23.
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Trends and Status of Computers in Schools: Use in Chapter 1 and Use with Limited English Proficient Students, ED 291 337, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1987.
24.
PeckK. L. and DorricottD., Why Use Technology, Educational Leadership, 51, pp. 11–14, 1994.
25.
Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress, Teachers and Technology: Making the Connection, OTA-EHR-616, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1995.
26.
NorumK.GrabingerR. S., and DuffieldJ. A., Healing the Universe is an Inside Job: Revelations of Professional Selves and Practice, unpublished manuscript, 1996.
BudinH. R., Technology and the Teacher's Role, Computers in the Schools, 8, pp. 15–26, 1991.
29.
MeansB. and OlsonK., Restructuring Schools with Technology: Challenges and Strategies, SRI International, 1995.
30.
MarcinkiewiczH. R., Differences in Computer Use of Practicing versus Preservice Teachers, Journal of Research on Computing in Education, 27: 2, pp. 184–197, 1994.
31.
RussellJ. D.SorgeD., and BricknerD., Improving Technology Implementation in Grades 5–12 with the ASSURE Model, T.H.E. Journal, 21: 9, pp. 66–70, 1994.
32.
YoungE. B., Empowering Teachers to Use Technology in Their Classrooms, Computers in the Schools, 8, pp. 143–145, 1991.
33.
PaulD., An Integration/Inservice Model that Works, T.H.E. Journal, 21: 9, pp. 60–62, 1994.
34.
OrwigA. H., Begin with Teachers and Watch Students Benefit, Technology and Learning, 15: 1, pp. 74–76, 1994.
35.
RogersE. M., Diffusion of Innovations, The Free Press, New York, 1995.
36.
SheingoldK. and HadleyM., Accomplished Teachers: Integrating Computers into Classroom Practice, Center for Technology in Education, New York, 1990.
37.
JonesB.ValdezG.NowakowskiJ., and RasmussenC., Designing Learning and Technology for Educational Reform, North Central Regional Educational Laboratory, 1994.
