It is argued that acute, chronic pain, whether arising from environmental or psychological contexts, is a necessary condition of addiction; conditioning and neurochemical changes are assigned a catalyzing role. Imperceptible pain which the patient can neither appreciate nor articulate because of gradual onset and lack of contrast is discussed, and it is argued that this pain, although imperceptible can be acute, and sufficient to fuel addiction. Inadequate self esteem is thought to be a common source of imperceptible pain, and therefore a cause of addiction.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AlexanderB. K.CoambsR. B.HadawayP. F., The Effect of Housing and Gender on Morphine Self-Administration in Rats, Psychopharmacology, 58, pp. 175–179, 1978.
2.
RobinsL. N.DavisD. H.GoodwinD. W., Drug Use by U.S. Army Enlisted Men in Vietnam: A Follow-Up on Their Return Home, American Journal on Epidemiology, 99: 4, pp. 235–249, 1974.
3.
ZinbergN. E., The Search for Rational Approaches to Heroin Use, in Addiction, BourneP. G. (ed.), Academic Press, New York, 1974.
4.
BlumR. H., Normal Drug Use, in Drugs I: Society and Drugs, BlumR. H. (eds.), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1969.
5.
CheinI.GerardD. L.LeeR. S.RosenfeldE., The Road to H, Basic Books, New York, 1964.
6.
PandinaR. J.SchueleJ. A., Psychological Correlates of Alcohol and Drug Use of Adolescent Students and Adolescents in Treatment, Journal of Studies in Alcohol, 44: 6, pp. 950–973, 1983.
7.
SvobodnyL. A., Biographical, Self-Concept and Educational Factors among Chemically Dependent Adolescents, Adolescence, 17: 68, pp. 847–853, 1982.
8.
BryB. H., Predicting Drug Abuse: Review and Reformulation, International Journal of the Addictions, 18: 2, pp. 223–233, 1983.
9.
BiaseD. V.SullivanA. P., Successful Development of Self Concept with Therapeutic Community Residents: A Five Year Study, paper presented at the Eighth World Conference on Therapeutic Communites, Rome, Italy, 1984.
10.
BiaseD. V., Development of Self Concept among Addict/Abusers in a Drug Free Treatment Community, paper presented at the research plenary session, 13th International Institute on the Prevention and Treatment of Drug Dependence, International Council for Alcohol and the Addictions, Oslo, Norway, 1983.
11.
GoldS. R.CoghlanA. J., The Effect of Residential Treatment on Adolescent Drug Abusers: A Preliminary Report, Proceedings of the 81st Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, 8, pp. 397–398, 1973.
12.
AnnisH. M.ChanD., The Differential Treatment Model: Empirical Evidence from a Personality Typology of Adult Offenders, Criminal Justice and Behavior, 10: 2, pp. 159–173, 1983.