Late Woodland settlement patterns in the State of New Jersey are poorly understood in comparison with other parts of the Middle Atlantic region. This study is designed to evaluate current settlement pattern data using logistical models of land use against available historical and archaeological data. Current data indicate that at least two major socioeconomic systems coexisted during late prehistory, either by exploiting different resource zones or by exploiting similar resource zones at different times of the year. Interior riverine groups focused more on horticulture, exhibiting greater residential stability; these groups are best characterized as collectors and broadly classified as mixed cultivators/mobile agriculturalists. Coastal groups were highly mobile foragers and oriented more toward maritime resources, with only a minor reliance upon horticulture; these groups most resemble partial cultivators.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndersonM.1985The Saomi Reindeer-Breeders of Norwegian Lapland, American Scientist, 73:6, pp. 524–532.
2.
BarthF.1956Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan, American Anthropologist, 58, pp. 1079–1089.
3.
BattistiniR.1964Geographic humaine de la Plains Cotiere Mahafaly, Universite de Madagascar, Antananvivo.
4.
BeckerMarshall J.1976The Okehocking: A Remnant Band of Delaware Indians, Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 46:3, pp. 24–61.
5.
BeckerMarshall J.1984The Lenape Bands Prior to 1740: The Identification of Boundaries and Processes of Change Leading to the Formation of the Delawares, in The Lenape Indian a Symposium, KraftHerbert C. (ed.), Archaeological Research Center, Seton Hall University, South Orange, pp. 19–32.
6.
BeckerMarshall J.1986Cultural Diversity in the Lower Delaware River Valley, 1550-1750: An Ethnohistorical Perspective, in Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, CusterJay F. (ed.), University of Delaware Press, Newark, pp. 90–101.
7.
BeckerMarshall J.1988A Summary of Lenape Sociopolitical Organization and Settlement Patterns at the time of European Contact: The Evidence for Collecting Bands, Joumal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, 4, pp. 79–84.
8.
BeckerMarshall J.1992Teedyuscung's Youth and Hereditary Land Rights in New Jersey: The Identification of the Unalachitigo, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 47, pp. 37–60.
9.
BeckerMarshall J.1998Mehoxy of the Cohansey Band of South Jersey Indians: His Life as a Reflection of Symbiotic Relations with Colonists in Southern New Jersey and the Lower Counties of Pennsylvania, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 53, pp. 40–68.
10.
11.
BelloCharles A.1990Index, Bulletin No. 41, 1986 through Bulletin No. 45, 1990, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 45, pp. 96–110.
12.
BelloCharles A.1995Index, Bulletin No. 46, 1991 through Bulletin No. 50, 1995, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 50, pp. 97–112.
13.
BinfordLewis R.1966A Preliminary Analysis of Functional Variability in the Mousterian of Levallois Facies, American Anthropologist, 68, pp. 238–295.
14.
BinfordLewis R.1980Willow Smoke and Dog's Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation, American Antiquity, 45, pp. 4–20.
15.
BogorasW.1904The Chukchee, in Jessup North Pacific Expedition, BoasF. (ed), Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, pp. 111–143.
16.
CavalloJohn and MounierR. Alan1980Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the New Jersey Pinelands, in History, Culture and Archaeology of the Pine Barrens: Essays from the Third Pine Barrens Conference, SintonJohn (ed.), Stockton State College, Pomona, pp. 68–100.
17.
CheslerOlga (editor) 1982New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Review of the Research Problems and Survey Priorities, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton.
18.
ConkinHarold1954An Ethnoecological Approach to Shifting Cultivation, Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, Series2:17, pp. 133–142.
19.
CrossDorothy1941Archaeology of New Jersey, Vol. 1, The Archaeological Society of New Jersey and the New Jersey State Museum, Trenton.
20.
CrossDorothy1956Archaeology of New Jersey: The Abbott Farm, Vol. 2, The Archaeological Society of New Jersey and the New Jersey State Museum, Trenton.
21.
CusterJay F.1986aLate Woodland Cultures in the Middle Atlantic Region, University of Delaware Press, Newark.
22.
CrossDorothy1986bLate Woodland Cultural Diversity in the Middle Atlantic Region, in Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, CusterJay F. (ed.), University of Delaware Press, Newark, pp. 143–168.
23.
DunlapA. R. and WeslagerC. A.1958Toponymy of the Delaware Valley as Revealed by an Early Seventeenth-Century Dutch Map, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 15-16, pp. 1–13.
24.
Evans-PritchardE.1940The Nuer, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
25.
GoddardIves1978Delaware, in Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: The Northeast, TriggerBruce (ed.), Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., pp. 213–239.
26.
GreenS. W. and PearlmanS. M.1985The Archaeology of Frontiers and Boundaries, Academic Press, New York.
27.
GreggSusan A.1988Foragers and Farmers: Population Interaction and Agricultural Expansion in Prehistoric Europe, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
28.
GrumetRobert S.1979We Are Not So Great Fools: Changes in Upper Delawarean Sociopolitical Life, 1630-1758, doctoral dissertation in anthropology, Rutgers University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
29.
GrumetRobert S.1993The King of New Jersey, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 48, pp. 45–51.
30.
HardRobert J. and MerrillWilliam L.1992Mobile Agriculturalists and the Emergence of Sedentism: Perspectives from Northern Mexico, American Anthropologist, 94:3, pp. 601–620.
31.
HoffmanWalter J.1896The Menomini Indians, 14th Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, pt. 1, Washington, D.C.
32.
Hunter Research Inc. (Hr: Trenton, Nj)1997Supplemental Phase I and II Archaeological Survey, N.J. Route 29 Corridor (Lamberton), City of Trenton, Mercer County, New Jersey, submitted to the New Jersey Department of Transportation, Trenton (Authors: Hunter, Richard, William Liebeknecht, Damon Tvaryanas, and Patricia Madrigal).
33.
IzikowitzKarl G.Hunter Research Inc. (Hr: Trenton, Nj)1979Lamet: Hill Peasants in French Indochina, AMS Press, New York.
34.
JohnsonAmandus1925Geographia Americae, with an Account of the Delaware Indians Based on Surveys and Notes Made in 1654-1656 by Peter Lindestrom, Swedish Historical Society, Philadelphia.
35.
KinseyW. FredIII (editor) 1972Archaeology in the Upper Delaware Valley, Pennsylvania Historical Society and Museum Commission, Anthropological Series, No. 3, Harrisburg.
36.
KraftHerbert C.1975The Late Woodland Pottery of the Upper Delaware Valley: A Survey and Reevaluation, Archaeology of North America, 1:1, pp. 56–117.
37.
KraftHerbert C.1986aThe Lenape, New Jersey Historical Society, Newark.
38.
KraftHerbert C.1986bLate Woodland Settlement Patterns in the Upper Delaware Valley, in Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, CusterJay F. (ed.), University of Delaware, Newark, pp. 102–115.
39.
KraftHerbert C. and MounierR. Alan1982The Late Woodland Period in New Jersey, in New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Review of the Research Problems and Survey Priorities, CheslerOlga (ed.), New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton, pp. 139–184.
40.
LawtonHarry W. and BeanLowell J.1968A Preliminary Reconstruction of Aboriginal Agricultural Techniques Among the Cahuilla, Indian Historian, 1, pp. 18–24.
41.
MandrykCarol A. Stein1993Hunter-Gatherer Social Costs and the Nonviability of Submarginal Environments, Journal of Anthropological Research, 49:1, pp. 36–71.
42.
MounierR. Alan1978The Environmental Basis of Prehistoric Occupation on the New Jersey Coastal Plain, Man in the Northeast, 15-16, pp. 42–69.
43.
MyersAlbert C.1970William Penn's Own Account of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians, Middle Atlantic Press, Somerset.
44.
NelsonWilliam (editor) 1899Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey, First Series, Vol. 21, Calendar of Records in the Office of the Secretary of State 1661-1703, The First Printing and Publishing, Paterson.
45.
PagoulatosPeter1986Terminal Archaic Settlement and Subsistence in the Connecticut River Valley, doctoral dissertation in anthropology, University of Connecticut, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
46.
PagoulatosPeter1992Native American Land-Use Patterns of New Jersey: Some Testable Hypotheses, Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology, 8, pp. 56–77.
47.
PagoulatosPeter1998aPrehistoric Settlement Patterns of New Jersey, Paleo-Indian to Late Woodland Periods, Center for Archaeological Studies, Occasional Publications in Archaeology, No. 1, Brookdale Community College, Lincroft, New Jersey, submitted to the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Trenton.
48.
PagoulatosPeter1998bCultural Resource Investigation, Prehistoric Site 28-MO-217, Monmouth Battlefield State Park, Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, Center for Archaeological Studies, Occasional Publications in Archaeology, No. 2, Brookdale Community College, Lincroft, New Jersey, submitted to the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Trenton.
49.
PagoulatosPeter2000Cultural Resource Investigation, Prehistoric Site 28-MO-215, Monmouth Battlefield State Park, Freehold Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, Center for Archaeological Studies, Occasional Publications in Archaeology, No. 5, Brookdale Community College, Lincroft, New Jersey, submitted to the New Jersey Historic Preservation Office, Trenton.
50.
PagoulatosPeter and WalwerGregory1991Native American Land-Use Patterns of the Outer Coastal Plain of New Jersey, Man in the Northeast, 41, pp. 85–104.
51.
PunielloAnthony J.1980Iroquois Series Ceramics in the Upper Delaware Valley, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, in Proceedings of the 1979 Iroquois Pottery Conference, HayesC. F. (ed.), Rochester Museum and Science Center Research Records No. 13, Rochester, pp. 146–155.
52.
PunielloAnthony J.1991The Reconstruction and Interpretation of Late Woodland Occupations of the Upper Delaware Valley of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, doctoral dissertation in anthropology, New York University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.
53.
RanereAnthony J. and HansellPatricia1985Archaeological Survey in the Drainage of Lower Great Egg Harbor River, submitted to the office of New Jersey Heritage, Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton.
54.
RanereAnthony J. and HansellPatricia1987Predicting Prehistoric Site Distribution and Density in New Jersey's Outer Coastal Plain, submitted to the Office of New Jersey Heritage, Department of Environmental Protection, Trenton.
55.
RanereAnthony J. and HansellPatricia1989Phase I of a Predictive Model of Prehistoric Site Occurrence in the Pinelands: The First Year, submitted to the New Jersey Pinelands Commission, New Lisbon.
56.
SkinnerAlanson B. and SchrabischMax1913A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Survey of the State of New Jersey, Bulletin No. 9, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Trenton.
57.
StewartFrank H.1932Indians of Southern New Jersey, Publication of the Gloucester Historical Society, Woodbury, New Jersey.
58.
StewartR. Michael1998aThe Status of Late Woodland Research in the Delaware Valley, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 53, pp. 1–12.
59.
StewartR. Michael1998bCeramics and Delaware Valley Prehistory: Insights from the Abbott Farm. Trenton Complex Archaeology Report 14, Archaeological Society of New Jersey and the New Jersey Department of Transportation, Trenton.
60.
StewartR. MichaelHummerChris C., and CusterJay1986Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle and Lower Delaware River Valley and the Upper Delmarva Peninsula, in Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region, CusterJay F. (ed), University of Delaware Press, Newark, pp. 58–89.
61.
WeslagerC. A.1954Robert Evelyn's Indian Tribes and Place Names of New Albion, Bulletin of the Archaeological Society of New Jersey, 9, pp. 1–14.
62.
WeslagerC. A.1972The Delaware Indians: A History, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick.
63.
WilliamsLorraine E. and KardasSusan1982Contact between Europeans and the Delaware Indians of New Jersey, in New Jersey's Archaeological Resources from Paleo-Indian Period to the Present: A Review of the Research Problems and Survey Priorities, CheslerOlga (ed.), New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Office of New Jersey Heritage, Trenton, pp. 185–189.
64.
WilliamsLorraine E.PunielloAnthony, and FlinnKaren A.1976Abbott Farm Historic District Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form, in files on Historic Preservation Office, Trenton.
65.
WolfePeter1977The Geology and Landscapes of New Jersey, Crane, Russak and Company, New York.
