This study tested the effects of a preconscious visual linguistic and symbolic cue upon the academic achievement of selected college students at a major university. The cue was presented via the medium of a specially prepared paper. Performance on a posttest constituted the dependent variable. The cues were found to have a statistically significant effect upon academic achievement when the main effects for group, sex, and class were analyzed. The two-way and three-way interactions did not prove to be of significance; however, the interaction of group with sex was significant.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
HarrisonR. H., Effect of Subliminal Shock Conditioning on Recall, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 75, pp. 19–29, 1970.
2.
JenningsL. B.GeorgeS. G., Perceptual Vigilance and Defense Revisited: Evidence Against Blum's Psychoanalytic Theory of Subliminal Perception, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41, pp. 723–729, 1975.
3.
ReeseW. J., On the Terms “Subliminal Perception” and “Subception,”British Journal of Psychology, 62, pp. 501–504, 1971.
4.
SmithG. J. W.SpenceD. P.KleinG. S., Subliminal Effects of Verbal Stimuli, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 59:2, pp. 167–176, 1959.
5.
SomekhD.WildingJ. N., Perception without Awareness in a Dichoptic Viewing Situation, British Journal of Psychology, 64:3, pp. 339–349, 1973.
6.
HullE. I., Ego States Characteristic of Enhanced Utilization of Subliminal Registrations, doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1976. Dissertation Abstracts International, 37, p. 1903B, 1976.
7.
SeveranceL. J.DyerF. N., Failure of Subliminal Word Presentations to Generate Interference to Color Naming, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 101, pp. 186–189, 1973.
8.
WorthingtonA. G., Paired Comparison Scaling of Brightness Judgements: A Method for the Measurement of Perceptual Defense, British Journal of Psychology, 60:3, pp. 363–368, 1969.
9.
AntellM. J., The Effects of Priming and Subliminal Presentation of Sexual and Aggressive Stimuli on Tests of Creativity (doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1969), Dissertation Abstracts International, 30, p. 3859B, 1969.
10.
ErdelyiM. H., Role of Fantasy and of the Poetzl (Emergence) Phenomenon, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24:2, pp. 189–190, 1972.
11.
KatzR. J., Subliminal Perception and Creative Preconscious (doctoral dissertation, Texas Tech University, 1973), Dissertation Abstracts International, 34, p. 1751B, 1973.
12.
SomekhD. E., The Effect of Embedded Words in a Brief Visual Display, British Journal of Psychology, 67, pp. 529–535, 1976.
13.
GeorgeS. G.JenningsL. B., Effects of Subliminal Stimuli on Dreams: Further Evidence Against the Spence-Holland Theory, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 35, pp. 251–257, 1972.
14.
KaleyH. W., The Effects of Subliminal Stimuli and Drive on Verbal Responses and Dreams (doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1970), Dissertation Abstracts International, 31, p. 2284B, 1970.
15.
HawkinsD., The Effects of Subliminal Stimulation on Drive Level and Brand Preference, Journal of Marketing Research, 7, pp. 322–326, 1970.
16.
HartL., The Effect of Noxious Subliminal Stimuli on Modification of Attitudes Toward Alcoholism: A Pilot Study, British Journal of Addiction, 68, pp. 87–90, 1973.
17.
GeorgeS. G.JenningsL. B., Effects of Subliminal Stimuli on Consumer Behavior: Negative Evidence, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 41:3, pp. 847–854, 1975.
18.
KohlersP. A., Subliminal Stimulation in Simple and Complex Cognitive Processes (doctoral dissertation, New York University, 1972), Dissertation Abstracts International, 33, p. 1269B, 1972.
19.
SharpH. C., Effect of Subliminal Cues on Test Results, Journal of Applied Psychology, 43:6, pp. 369–371, 1959.
20.
OxhandlerE. K., Can Subliminal Stimuli Teach?Audio Visual Communications Review, 7:3, pp. 109–114, 1960.
21.
MurchG. M., A Set of Conditions for a Consistent Recovery of Subliminal Stimulus, Journal of Applied Psychology, 49:4, pp. 257–260, 1965.
22.
SkinnerW. S.Jr., The Effect of Subliminal and Supraliminal Words Presented via Videotaped Motion Pictures on Vocabulary Development of Ninth-grade Students (doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University, 1969), Dissertation Abstracts International, 30, p. 2430A, 1969.
23.
BeisgenR. T.Jr.GibbyR. G.Jr., Autonomic and Verbal Discrimination of a Subliminally Learned Tasked, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 29:2, pp. 503–507, 1969.
24.
LeClercC.FreibergsV., The Influence of Subliminal Perceptive and Symbolic Indices on the Formation of a Concept, Canadian Journal of Psychology, 25, pp. 292–301, 1971.
25.
LedfordB. R., The Effects of Thematic Content of Rheostatically Controlled Visual Subliminals Upon the Receiving Level of the Affective Domain of Learners, U.S. Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 160 008), 1978.
26.
McCormackJ., Effects of Gender, Intensity, and Duration of Sex-related Visual Subliminals Upon the Submission of Controlled Attention, unpublished doctoral dissertation, East Texas State University, Commerce, 1979.
27.
GrantR., The Effects of Subliminally Projected Visual Stimuli on Skill Development, Selected Attention, and Participation in Racquetball by College Students, unpublished doctoral dissertation, East Texas State University, Commerce, 1980.
28.
LedfordB. R.LedfordS., The Effects of Preconscious Visual Symbolic and Linguistic Cues Upon the Self-esteem of Selected Middle School Students, The International Journal of Instructional Media, 14:1, 1987.
