Subjects completed the Boundary Questionnaire, the Conceptions of Truth Inventory (CTI), and a “false memory” paradigm. Thin boundaries were associated with CTI factors positing that “imaginative insight leads to universal truth,” that “truth transcends factual correctness,” and that “pragmatism leads to universal truth,” whereas thick boundaries were associated with CTI factors positing that “truth is consistent and absolute” and that “religious revelations lead to hidden truth.” In addition, subjects with thin boundaries exhibited “imagination inflation” (“false memory” for a counterfactual event after imagining it), whereas subjects with thick boundaries exhibited “imagination deflation” (greater confidence in the non-occurrence of a counterfactual event after imagining it).
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
HartmannE., Boundaries of the Mind, Basic books, New York, 1991.
2.
KunzendorfR. G. and MaurerJ., Hypnotic Attenuation of the “Boundaries” between Emotional, Visual, and Auditory Sensations, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 8, pp. 225–234, 1988–1989.
3.
LevinR.GilmartinL., and LamontanaroL., Cognitive Style and Perception: The Relationship of Boundary Thinness to Visual-Spatial Processing in Dreaming and Waking Thought, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 18, pp. 25–41, 1998–1999.
4.
GalvinF., The Boundary Characteristics of Lucid Dreamers, Psychiatric Journal of the University of Ottawa, 15, pp. 73–78, 1990.
5.
HartmannE.ElkinR., and GargM., Personality and Dreaming: The Dreams of People with Very Thick or Very Thin Boundaries, Dreaming, 1, pp. 311–324, 1991.
6.
CowenD. and LevinR., The Use of the Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire with an Adolescent Population, Dreaming, 5, pp. 105–114, 1995.
7.
SchredlM.KleinferchnerP., and GellT., Dreaming and Personality: Thick vs. Thin Boundaries, Dreaming, 6, pp. 219–223, 1996.
8.
KunzendorfR. G.HartmannE.CohenR., and CutlerJ., Bizarreness of the Dreams and Daydreams Reported by Individuals with Thin and Thick Boundaries, Dreaming, 7, pp. 265–271, 1997.
9.
HartmannE.RosenR., and RandW., Personality and Dreaming: Boundary Structure and Dream Content, Dreaming, 8, pp. 31–39, 1998.
10.
HicksR. A.BautistaJ., and HicksG. J., Boundaries and Level of Experience with Six Types of Dreams, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89, pp. 760–762, 1999.
11.
SchredlM.SchäferG.HofmannF., and JacobS., Dream Content and Personality: Thick vs. Thin Boundaries, Dreaming, 9, pp. 257–263, 1999.
12.
HartmannE.KunzendorfR. G.RosenR., and GraceN. G., Contextualizing Images in Dreams and Daydreams, Dreaming, 11, pp. 97–104, 2001.
13.
SchredlM. and EngelhardtH., Dreaming and Psychopathology: Dream Recall and Dream Content of Psychiatric Inpatients, Sleep and Hypnosis, 3, pp. 44–54, 2001.
14.
SchredlM.CiricP.GötzS., and WittmannL., Dream Recall Frequency, Attitude toward Dreams, and Openness to Experience, Dreaming, 13, pp. 145–153, 2003.
15.
SchredlM. and ErlacherD., Lucid Dreaming Frequency and Personality, Personality and Individual Differences, 37, pp. 1463–1473, 2004.
16.
BarbutoJ. E.Jr. and PlummerB. A., Mental Boundaries as New Dimension of Personality: A Comparison of Hartmann's Boundaries in the Mind and Jung's Psychological Types, Journal of social Behavior and Personality, 13, pp. 421–436, 1998.
17.
ZborowskiM. J.HartmannE.NewsomM. A., and BanarM., The Hartmann Boundary Questionnaire: Two Studies Examining Personality Correlates and Interpersonal Behavior, Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 23, pp. 45–62, 2003–2004.
18.
Van HielA. and MervieldeI., Openness to Experience and Boundaries in the Mind: Relationships with Cultural and Economic Conservative Beliefs, Journal of Personality, 72, pp. 659–686, 2004.
19.
HouranJ.NavikS., and ZerrusenK., Boundary Functioning in Celebrity Worshipers, Personality and Individual Differences, 38, pp. 237–248, 2005.
20.
HicksR. A.BautistaJ., and HicksG. J., Boundaries and Handedness, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, pp. 1313–1314, 1999.
21.
PolageD. C., Fabrication Deflation? The Mixed Effects of Lying on Memory, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18, pp. 455–465, 2004.
22.
HymanI. E. and BillingsF. J., Individual Differences and the Creation of False Childhood Memories, Memory, 6, pp. 1–20, 1998.
23.
PlattR. D.LaceyS. C.IobstA. D., and FinkelmanD., Absorption, Dissociation, Fantasy-Proneness as Predictors of Memory Distortion in Autobiographical and Laboratory-Generated Memories, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 12(Special Issue), pp. S77–S89, 1998.
24.
DrivdahlS. B. and ZaragozaM. S., The Role of Perceptual Elaboration and Individual Differences in the Creation of False Memories for Suggested Events, Applied Cognitive Psychology, 15, pp. 265–281, 2001.
25.
HeapsC. and NashM., Individual Differences in Imagination Inflation, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 6, pp. 313–318, 1999.
26.
HartmannE., Thin and Thick Boundaries: Personality, Dreams, and Imagination, in Mental Imagery, KunzendorfR. G. (Ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 71–78, 1991.
27.
RaderC. M.KunzendorfR. G., and CarrabinoC., The Relation of Imagery Vividness, Absorption, Reality Boundaries and Synesthesia to Hypnotic States and Traits, in Hypnosis and Imagination, KunzendorfR. G.SpanosN. P., and WallaceB. (Eds.), Baywood Publishing Company, Amityville, New York, pp. 99–121, 1996.
28.
PaddockJ. R.NoelM.TerranovaS.EberH. W.ManningC., and LoftusE. F., Imagination Inflation and the Perils of Guided Visualization, Journal of Psychology, 133, pp. 581–595, 1999.
29.
MerckelbachH.MurisP.HorselenbergR., and StougieS., Dissociative Experiences, Response Bias, and Fantasy Proneness in College Students, Personality and Individual Differences, 28, pp. 49–58, 2000.
JohnsonM. K., Cognitive and Brain Mechanisms of False Memories and Beliefs, in Memory, Brain and Belief, SchacterD. L. and ScarryE. (Eds.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 35–86, 2000.
32.
LoftusE. F., Eyewitness TestimonyHarvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1979.
33.
LoftusE. F., Memory Malleability: Constructivist and Fuzzy-Trace Explanations, Learning and Individual Differences, 7, pp. 133–137, 1995.
34.
ReynaV. F., Fuzzy-Trace Theory and False Memory, in Memory Distortions and Their Prevention, Intons-PetersonM. J. and BestD. L. (Eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, pp. 15–27, 1998.
35.
ReynaV. F.HollidayR., and MarcheT., Explaining the Development of False Memories, Developmental Review, 22, pp. 436–489, 2002.
