ICAI (Intelligent CAI) differs from traditional CAI in the flexibility it brings to the student-system interaction, thereby encouraging an active and exploratory approach to learning rather than a more receptive and objective-oriented one. Various forms of learning which have been proposed in the psychological and educational literature are briefly presented, after which a review is made of a number of ICAI systems in terms of the kinds of learning they support. It is concluded that the potential power of ICAI systems to foster learning is still beyond our ability to specify formally the rules which regulate learning in complex situations, such as those involved in tutorial dialogues.
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