Clinical Features in Patients with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Ascertained by Palatal Abnormalities

Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe clinical features in subjects with palatal abnormalities and to assess the distribution of these features among those with and without 22q11.2 deletion.

Design

Descriptive cohort.

Patients

One hundred patients with palatal abnormalities and suspicion of 22q11.2 DS were included.

Methods

All patients were evaluated by a clinical geneticist, who completed a standardized clinical protocol. The 22q11.2 deletion screening was performed with fluorescence in situ hybridization using the TUPLE1 probe and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification using the P250-A1 kit.

Results

The 22q11.2 deletion was detected in 35 patients, in whom the most frequent clinical features were congenital heart disease (15/30 – 50%), developmental delay (19/35 – 54%), speech delay (20/35 – 57%), learning disabilities (27/35 – 77%), immunologic alterations (18/29 – 62%). In addition, the most common facial dysmorphisms in this group were long face (27/35 – 77%), typical nose (24/35 – 69%), and hooded eyelids (19/35 – 54%). Comparing features in patients with or without the deletion revealed significant differences (positively correlated with the deletion) for speech delay, learning disabilities, conductive hearing loss, number of dysmorphisms, long face, and hooded eyelids. Cleft lip and palate was negatively correlated with the deletion.

Conclusions

The presence of speech delay, learning disabilities, conductive hearing loss, long face, and hooded eyelids should reinforce the suspicion of 22q11.2 DS in patients with palatal abnormalities and would help professionals direct clinical follow-up of these patients.