This review of 88 articles in three international journals was undertaken for the purpose of investigating the methodology for perceptual speech assessment in patients with cleft palate. The articles were published between 1980 and 2000 in the Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, the International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, and Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica.
Results and Conclusions
The majority of articles (76) were published in the Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Journal, with an increase in articles during the 1990s and 2000. Information about measures or variables was clearly given in all articles. However, the review raises several major concerns regarding method for collection and documentation of data and method for measurement. The most distressing findings were the use of a cross-sectional design in studies of few patients with large age ranges and different types of clefts, the use of highly variable speech samples, and the lack of information about listeners and on reliability. It is hoped that ongoing national and international collaborative efforts to standardize procedures for collection and analysis of perceptual data will help to eliminate such concerns and thus make comparison of published results possible in the future.
American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.Parameters for evaluation and treatment of patients with cleft lip/palate or other craniofacial anomalies.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.1993; 30(suppl).
2.
BrønstedK.LiisbergW.ØrstedÅPrytzS.Fogh-AndersenP.Surgical and speech results following palatopharyngoplasty operations in Denmark 1959–1977.Cleft Palate J.1984; 21: 170–179.
3.
DalstonR.M.MarshJ.L.VigK.W.WitzelM.A.BumstedR.M.Minimal standards for reporting the results of surgery on patients with cleft lip, cleft palate, or both: a proposal.Cleft Palate J.1988; 25: 3–7.
4.
GrunwellP.BrønssedK.HenningssonG.JansoniusK.KarlingJ.MeijerM.Ording U, Wyatt RM, Vermeij-Zieverink E, Sell D. A six-centre international study of the outcome of treatment in patients with clefts of the lip and palate: the results of a cross-linguistic investigation of cleft palate speech.Scand J Plast Reconstr Hand Surg.2000; 34: 219–229.
5.
GrunwellP.SellD.A.Speech and cleft palate/velopharyngeal anomalies. In: WatsonA.C.H.SellD.A.GrunwellP., eds. Management of Cleft Lip and Palate.London: Whurr;2001.
HardingA.GrunwellP.Relationship between speech and timing of hard palate repair. In: GrunwellP., ed. Analysing Cleft Palate Speech.London: Whurr;1993.
8.
HardingA.HarlandK.RazzelR.Cleft Audit Protocol for Speech (CAPS).Broomfield, Chelmsford, Essex, UK: Speech/Language Therapy Department, St. Andrews Plastic Surgery Centre;1997.
9.
HenningssonG.HuttersB.Perceptual assessment of cleft palate speech, with special reference to minimum standards for inter-centre comparisons of speech outcome. International Task Force Report. In: Transactions of the 8th International Congress on Cleft Palate and Related Craniofacial Anomalies.Singapore: Stamford Press; 1997: xxxiii–xxxvii.
10.
HirschbergJ.Van DemarkD.R.A proposal for standardization of speech and hearing evaluations to assess velopharyngeal function.Folia Phoniatrica Logop.1997; 49: 158–167.
11.
JacksonI.McLellanG.SchekerL.R.Primary veloplasty or primary palatoplasty: some preliminary findings.Plast Reconstr Surg.1983; 72: 153–157.
12.
KentR.D.MioloG.BloedelS.The intelligibility of children's speech: a review of evaluation procedures.Am J Speech Lang Path.1994; 3: 81–95.
13.
KuehnD.P.MollerK.T.Speech and language issues in the cleft palate population: the state of the art.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.2000; 37: 1–35.
14.
Lohmander-AgerskovA.Speech outcome after cleft palate surgery with the Göteborg regimen including delayed hard palate closure.Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg.1998; 32: 63–80.
15.
MollK.L.‘Objective’ measures of nasality.Cleft Palate J.1964; 1: 371–374.
16.
MollerK.T.StarrC.D.The effects of listening conditions on speech ratings obtained in a clinical setting.Cleft Palate J.1984; 21: 65–69.
17.
MorrisH.L.Velopharyngeal competence and primary cleft palate surgery, 1960–1971: a critical review.Cleft Palate J.1973; 10: 62–71.
18.
MorrisH.L.SpriestersbachD.C.DarleyF.L.An articulation test for assessing competency of velopharyngeal closure.J Speech Hear Res.1961; 4: 48–55.
RobertsC.T.SembG.ShawW.C.Strategies for the advancement of surgical methods in cleft lip and palate.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.1991; 28: 141–149.
21.
SellD.GrunwellP.A.Speech assessment and therapy. In: WatsonA.C.H.SellD.A.GrunwellP., eds. Management of Cleft Lip and Palate.London: Whurr;2001.
22.
SellD.GrunwellP.MildinhallS.MurphyT.CornishT.C.WilliamsA.BearnD.ShawW.C.MurrayJ.SandyJ.Cleft lip and palate care in the United Kingdom (UK)—the Clinical Standards Advisory Group (CSAG) Study. Part 3—speech outcomes.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.2001; 38: 30–37.
23.
SellD.HardingA.GrunwellP.A.A screening assessment of cleft palate speech “GOS.SP.ASS” (Great Ormond Street Speech Assessment).Eur J Disord Commun.1994; 29: 1–15.
24.
SellD.HardingA.GrunwellP.A.GOS.SP.ASS'98: an assessment for speech disorders associated with cleft palate and/or velopharyngeal dysfunction (revised).Int J Lang Commun Dis.1999; 34: 17–33.
25.
ShawW.C.SembG.NelsonP.BrattströmV.MolstedK.Prahl-AndersenB.The Eurocleft Project 1996-2000. Standards of Care for Cleft Lip and Palate in Europe. European Commission Biochemical and Health Research. Amsterdam: IOS Press; 2000.
26.
StephensM.I.DaniloffR.A methodological study of factors affecting the judgement of misarticulated /s/.J Commun Dis.1977; 10: 207–220.
27.
TemplinM.C.DarleyF.L.The Templin-Darley Tests of Articulation.2nd ed.Iowa City: Bureau of Educational Research and Service, University of Iowa;1969.
28.
Trost-CardamoneJ.E.The development of speech: assessing cleft palate misarticulations. In: KernahanD.E.RosensteinS.W., eds. Cleft Lip and Palate: A System of Management.Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins;1990.
29.
WarrenD.W.DalstonR.M.MayoR.Hypernasality and velopharyngeal impairment.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.1994; 4: 257–270.
30.
WhitehillT.Assessing intelligibility in speakers with cleft palate: a critical review of the literature.Cleft Palate Craniofac J.2002; 39: 50–58.
31.
WhitehillT.LeeA.S.Y.ChunJ.C.Direct magnitude estimation and interval scaling of hypernasality.J Speech Lang Hear Res.2002; 45: 80–88.
32.
ZraickR.I.LissJ.M.A comparison of equal-appearing interval scaling and direct magnitude estimation of nasal voice quality.J Speech Lang Hear Res.2000; 43: 979–988.
