The author examines the relationship between democracy and international trade using post-Soviet countries as a historical example of a world-system. World-systems theory and alternative theories are employed to create theoretical models of democracy, and pooled timeseries regression is applied, using an index of democracy as the dependent variable and two sets of theoretically distinct control variables. The author finds a negative relationship between core periphery trade and democracy and a positive relationship between trade openness and democracy in the periphery. The author draws three conclusions. First, international trade deserves more attention as a link between economic and political processes in world-systems analysis. Second, contrary to conventional analysis, the structure of core-periphery trade shows that the core uses its economic ties to politically exploit the periphery. Last, it is necessary to distinguish between core and noncore international trade in world-systems and political analysis.
AdamsJan. 2002. “Russia's Gas Diplomacy”. Problems of Post-Communism49: 14–22.
2.
AtkinsonCarol. 2006. “Constructivist Implications of Material Power: Military Engagement and the Socialization of States, 1972–2000”. International Studies Quarterly50: 509–37.
3.
AvelinoGeorgeBrownDavid S.HunterWendy. 2005. “The Effects of Capital Mobility, Trade Openness, and Democracy on Social Spending in Latin America, 1980–1999”. American Journal of Political Science49(3): 625–41.
4.
BalaevMikhailSouthworthCaleb. 2007. “How International Trade Ties Influence Democratization: The Case of the Post-Soviet States”. Pp. 47–64 in Industries and Markets in Central and Eastern Europe, edited by SergiB.BagatelasW., Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
5.
BarroRobert. 1999. “Determinants of Democracy”. Journal of Political Economy107: S158–83.
6.
BaumMatthew A.LakeDavid A., 2003. “The Political Economy of Growth: Democracy and Human Capital”. American Journal of Political Science47(2): 333–47.
7.
BeckNathanielKatzJonathan. 1995. “What to Do (and Not to Do) with Time-Series Cross-Section Data”. The American Political Science Review89: 634–47.
8.
BollenKenneth. 1979. “Political Democracy and the Timing of Development”. American Sociological Review44: 572–87.
9.
BollenKenneth. 1980. “Issues in the Comparative Measurement of Political Democracy”. American Sociological Review45(3): 370–90.
10.
BollenKenneth. 1993. “Liberal Democracy: Validity and Method Factors in Cross-National Measures”. American Journal of Political Science37: 1207–30.
11.
BollenKennethJackmanRobert. 1985. “Economic and Noneconomic Determinants of Political Democracy in the 1960s”. Research in Political Sociology1: 27–48.
12.
BollenKennethPaxtonPamela. 2000. “Subjective Measures of Liberal Democracy”. Comparative Political Studies33: 58–86.
13.
BowmanKirk S.2002. Militarization, Democracy, and Development: The Perils of Praetorianism in Latin America. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
14.
BrzezinskiZbigniew. 1994. “The Premature Partnership”. Foreign Affairs73: 67–82.
15.
BugajskiJanusz. 2004. Cold Peace: Russia's New Imperialism. Westport, CT: Praeger.
16.
BukkvollTor. 2004. “Private Interests, Public Policy: Ukraine and the Common Economic Space Agreement”. Problems of Post-Communism51: 11–22.
17.
Chase-DunnChristopherGrimesPeter. 1995. “World-Systems Analysis”. Annual Review of Sociology21: 387–417.
18.
CrenshawEdward. 1995. “Democracy and Demographic Inheritance: The Influence of Modernity and Proto-Modernity on Political and Civil Rights, 1965 to 1980”. American Sociological Review60(5): 702–18.
19.
DiamondLarry. 1999. Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation. Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
20.
DixRobert H.1994. “History and Democracy Revisited”. Comparative Politics27(1): 91–105. Energy Information Administration. 2007. Mediterranean Russian Urals Spot Price FOB. Retrieved June 2007 from http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/wepcuralsw.htm.
21.
EpsteinDavid L.BatesRobertGoldstoneJackKristensenIdaO'HalloranSharyn. 2006. “Democratic Transitions”. American Journal of Political Science50(3): 551–69.
22.
The Europa World Year Book. 1992–2005. London: Europa Publications Ltd.
23.
FirebaughGlennBeckFrank. 1994. “Does Economic Growth Beneft the Masses? Growth, Dependence, and Welfare in the Third World”. American Sociological Review59(5): 631–53.
24.
FishStevenChoudhryOmar2007. “Democratization and Economic Liberalization in the Postcommunist World”. Comparative Political Studies40(3): 254–82.
25.
GoodhartMichael. 2005. Democracy as Human Rights: Freedom and Equality in the Age of Globalization. New York: Routledge.
26.
International Institute for Strategic Studies. 1992–2005. The Military Balance. London: Oxford University Press.
27.
JaggersKeithGurrTed Robert. 1995. “Tracking Democracy's Third Waive with Polity III Data”. Journal of Peace Research32: 469–82.
28.
KurtzMarcusBarnesAndrew. 2002. “The Political Foundations of Post-Communist Regimes: Marketization, Agrarian Legacies, or International Influences”. Comparative Political Studies35(5): 524–53.
29.
KurzmanCharlesLeaheyErin2004. “Intellectuals and Democratization, 1905–1912 and 1989–1996”. American Journal of Sociology109: 937–86.
30.
KuusMerje. 2002. “European Integration in Identity Narratives in Estonia: A Quest for Security”. Journal of Peace Research39: 91–108.
31.
LipsetSeymour M.SeongKyoung-RyungTorresJohn. 1993. “A Comparative Analysis of the Social Requisites of Democracy”. International Social Science Journal45: 155–75.
32.
De LucaTomBuellJohn. 2006. “Free Trade: A Paradox for Democracy”. New Political Science28(4): 507–25.
33.
MacFarlaneNeil. 2003. “Russian Policy in the CIS under Putin”. Pp. 125–321 in Russia between East and West: Russian Foreign Policy on the Threshold of the Twenty-First Century, edited by GorodetskyG. Portland, OR: Frank Cass.
34.
MansfieldEdward D.PevehouseJon C., 2006. “Democratization and International Organizations”. International Organization60: 137–67.
35.
MarshallMontyJaggersKeith. 2002. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2002. Retrieved January 2007 from www.cidcm.umd.edu/polity.
36.
MaxfieldSylvia. 1998. “Understanding the Political Implications of Financial Internationalization in Emerging Market Countries”. World Development26(7): 1201–19.
37.
MeernikJames. 1996. “United States Military Intervention and the Promotion of Democracy”. Journal of Peace Research33(4): 391–402.
38.
MihkelsonMarko. 2002. “Russia's Policy toward Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and the Baltic States”. Pp. 97–115 in Toward an Understanding of Russia: New European Perspectives, edited by BugajskiJ., New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
39.
MinierJenny. 1998. “Democracy and Growth: Alternative Approaches”. Journal of Economic Growth3: 241–66.
40.
MotylAlexander. 1999. “Why Empires Reemerge: Imperial Collapse and Imperial Revival in Comparative Perspective”. Comparative Politics31: 127–45.
41.
O'BrienRobert. 1981. “Using Rank Category Variables to Represent Continuous Variables: Defects of Common Practice”. Social Forces59: 1149–62.
42.
O'BrienRobert. 2007. “A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors”. Quality & Quantity41: 673–90.
43.
PaxtonPamela. 2002. “Social Capital and Democracy: An Interdependent Relationship”. American Sociological Review67(2): 254–77.
44.
PickeringJeffreyPecenyMark2006. “Foreign Democracy at Gunpoint”. International Studies Quarterly50(3)539–59.
45.
PolilloSimoneGuillénMauro. 2005. “Globalization Pressures and the State: The Worldwide Spread of Central Bank Independence”. American Journal of Sociology110(6): 1764–802.
46.
PrzeworskiAdamAlvarezMichael E.CheibubJosé AntonioLimongiFernando. 2000. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
47.
PrzeworskiAdamLimongiFernando. 1993. “Political Regimes and Economic Growth”. The Journal of Economic Perspectives7(3): 51–69.
48.
PutnamRobert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: A Touchstone Book.
49.
RileyDylan. 2005. “Civic Associations and Authoritarian Regimes in Interwar Europe: Italy and Spain in Comparative Perspective”. American Sociological Review70(2): 288–310.
50.
RudraNita. 2005. “Globalization and the Strengthening of Democracy in the Developing World”. American Journal of Political Science49(4): 704–30.
51.
RueschemeyerDietrichStephensEvelyne H.StephensJohn D., 1992. Capitalist Development and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
52.
SenAmartya. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
53.
OlesSmolansky. 1999. “Fuel, Credit, and Trade: Ukraine's Economic Dependence on Russia”. Problems of Post-Communism46: 49–58.
54.
State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics. 1992–2005. Russia in Figures [in Russian]. Moscow: Goskomstat.
55.
StrachotaKrzysztof. 2002. “Russian Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia”. Pp. 117–34 in Toward an Understanding of Russia: New European Perspectives, edited by BugajskiJ., New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press.
56.
TillyCharles. 2007. Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
57.
TsygankovAndrei. 1997. “From International Institutionalism to Revolutionary Expansionism: The Foreign Policy Discourse of Contemporary Russia”. Mershon International Studies Review41: 247–68.
