Community-based research methods were used in a study of health needs with the Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve, Ontario, Canada based on critical theory, Indigenous teachings and participatory action research (PAR). The process of developing the project led to the elucidation of eight key principles deemed necessary for the development of a project that is both culturally and community appropriate: Partnership, empowerment, community control, mutual benefit, wholism, action, communication and respect. Adherence to these eight principles appears necessary for an ethical and an effective research process in Aboriginal communities.
BaerH.A.SingerM., & SusserI. (1997). Medical Anthropology and the World System: A Critical Perspective. Westport: Bergin & Garvey.
2.
BerardiG. (1998). Application of participatory rural appraisal in Alaska. Human Organization, 57(4), 438–446.
3.
BernardH. R. (1998). Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
4.
BernardH. R. (2006). Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Fourth Edition. Lanham, Maryland: AltaMira Press.
5.
Canadian Institute of Health Research [CIHR]. (2007). CIHR Guidelines for Health Research Involving Aboriginal Peoples. Prepared by CIHR Ethics Office. Retrieved March 22, 2007 from http://www.cihr-irsc.gc.ca/e/29134.html.
6.
ChrismanN. J.StricklandC. J.PowellK.SqueochsM. D., & YallupM. (1999). Community partnerships research with the Yakama Indian Nation. Human Organization, 58(2), 134–141.
7.
ChristiansC. G. (2005). Ethics and Politics in Qualitative Research. In DenzinN. K. & LincolnY. S. (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition (pp. 139–164). Thousands Oaks: Sage Publications Inc.
8.
EliasB. & O'NeilJ. (2001). Building Capacity in Applied Population Health Research. Manitoba, Canada: Centre for Aboriginal Health Research.
9.
ErvinA. M. (2000). Applied Anthropology: Tools and Perspectives for Contemporary Practice. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
10.
First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey [FNIRHS]. (1999). First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey, National Report. Published by the First Nations and Inuit Regional Health Survey National Steering Committee.
11.
FlerasA. & ElliotJ. L. (1992). Aboriginal-State Relations in Canada, the United States, and New Zealand. Toronto: Oxford University Press.
12.
FreireP. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum Publishing Co.
13.
GronowJ. (1995). Shifting Power, Sharing Power: Issues from User-Group Forestry in Nepal. In NelsonN. & WrightS. (Eds.), Power and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice (pp. 125–132). London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
HallowellA. I. (1955). Culture and Experience. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
16.
Health Canada. (1999). Toward a Healthy Future: Second Report on the Health of Canadians. The Federal, Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
17.
Health Canada. (1999a). Statistical Report on the Health of Canadians. The Federal, Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada.
18.
Health and Welfare Canada. (1992). Transfer (Health Transfer Handbook). Ottawa: Health and Welfare Canada.
19.
HedicanE. (1997). Applied Anthropology in Canada: Understanding Aboriginal Issues. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
20.
JacklinK. (2002). Wikwemikong Youth Needs Assessment Report. Prepared for the Waasa Naabin Community Youth Services Centre (Community Report held at the Wikwemikong Health Centre). Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada.
21.
JacklinK. (2007). Strength in Adversity: Community Health and Healing In Wikwemikong. Doctoral Dissertation. Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
22.
JacklinK. & WarryW. (2000). Wikwemikong Unceded First Nation Health Transfer Evaluation Report. Prepared for the Wikwemikong Health Board (Community Report held at the Wikwemikong Health Centre). Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada.
23.
JennessD. (1935). The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life. Bulletin No. 78, Anthropological Series No. 17. Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
24.
KincheloeJ. L. & McLeranP. (2005). Rethinking Critical Theory and Qualitative Research. In DenzinN. K. & LincolnY. S. (Eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, Third Edition (pp. 303–342). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
25.
LandesR. (1937). The Ojibwa of Canada. In MeadM. (Ed.), Cooperation and Competition Among Primitive Peoples (pp. 87–127). New York: McGraw-Hill.
26.
LeeB. (1999). Pragmatics of Community Organization. Mississauga, Ontario: Common Act Press.
27.
MandaminA. (2003). Being a Native Researcher in Your Own Community. Paper presented at the First Annual Native Social Work Conference: Articulating Aboriginal Paradigms: Implications for Aboriginal Social Work Practice. Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.
28.
NelsonN. & WrightS. (1995). Participation and Power. In NelsonN. & WrightS. (Eds.), Power and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice (pp. 1–18). London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
29.
Noojmowin Teg Health Centre. (2003). Guidelines for Ethical Aboriginal Research (GEAR): A resource manual for the development of ethical and culturally appropriate community-based ethical research within the First Nations communities in the Manitoulin area. Retrieved October 17, 2007 from http://www.noojmowin-teg.ca/default5.aspx?l=1613.
30.
O'NeilJ. D.KaufertJ. M.KaufertP. L., & KoolageW. W. (1993). Political Considerations in Health Related Participatory Research in Northern Canada. In DyckN. & WaldramJ. B. (Eds.), Anthropology Public Policy and Native Peoples in Canada (pp. 215–232). Montreal and Toronto: McGill-Queen's University Press.
31.
O'NeilJ. D.ReadingJ. R., & LeaderR. (1998). Changing the relations of surveillance: The development of a discourse of resistance in Aboriginal epidemiology. Human Organization, 57(2), 230–237.
32.
OrnelasA. (1997). Pasantias and Social Participation: Participatory Action-Research as a Way of Life. In SmithS. E.WillmsD. G., & JohnsonN. A. (Eds.), Nurtured by Knowledge: Learning to Do Participatory Action-Research (pp. 138–172). New York: The Apex Press.
33.
PotvinL.CargoM.McComberA. M.DelormierT., & MaccaulayA. C. (2003). Implementing participatory intervention and research in communities: Lessons from the Kahnawake Schools diabetes prevention program in Canada. Social Science and Medicine, 56(2003), 1295–1305.
34.
PrettyJ. N. & ScoonesI. (1995). Institutionalizing Adaptive Planning and Local Level Concerns: Looking to the Future. In NelsonN. & WrightS. (Eds.), Power and Participatory Development: Theory and Practice (pp. 157–169). London: Intermediate Technology Publications.
35.
RossA. (1989). We Are All Related. Denver: Wiconi Waste.
36.
Royal Commission on Aboriginal People. (1996). Volume 3: Health and Healing. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada.
37.
RyanJ. & RobinsonM.P. (1990). Implementing participatory action research in the Canadian North: A case study of the Gwich'in Language and Cultural Project. Culture, 10(2), 57–71.
38.
SchellL. M. & TarbellA. M. (1998). A partnership study of PCBs and the health of Mohawk youth: Lessons from our past and guidelines for our future. Environmental Health Perspectives, 106(3), 833–840.
39.
SchnarchB. (2004). Ownership, Control, Access, and Possession (OCAP) or self-determination applied to research: A critical analysis of contemporary First Nations research and some options for First Nations communities. Journal of Aboriginal Health, January, 80–95.
40.
SingerM. (1993). Knowledge for use: Anthropology and community centered substance abuse research. Social Science and Medicine, 37(1), 15–25.
41.
SingerM. (1994). Community-centred praxis: Toward an alternative non-dominant applied anthropology. Human Organization, 53(4), 336–344.
42.
SingerM. & BaerH. (1995). Critical Medical Anthropology. Amityville, NY: Baywood Publishing Company, Inc.
43.
SmithL. T. (1999). Decolonizing Methodologies: Research and Indigenous Peoples. London and New York: Zed Books Ltd.
44.
SmithS. E. (1997a). Deepening Participatory Action-Research. In SmithS. E.WillmsD. G., & JohnsonN. A. (Eds.) Nurtured by Knowledge: Learning to Do Participatory Action-Research (pp. 173–264). New York: The Apex Press.
45.
SmithS. E.WillmsD. G., & JohnsonN.A. (Eds.) (1997). Nurtured by Knowledge: Learning to Do Participatory Action-Research. New York: The Apex Press.
46.
SpeckF. G. (1915). The family hunting band as the basis of Algonkian social organization. American Anthropologist, 17, 289–305.
47.
WarryW. (1992). The eleventh thesis: Applied anthropology as praxis. Human Organization, 51(2), 155–163.
Wikwemikong Community Health Plan (1989). (Unpublished community report held at the Wikwemikong Health Centre). Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada.
50.
Wikwemikong Community Health Plan (1994). (Unpublished community report held at the Wikwemikong Health Centre). Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada.
51.
Wikwemikong Community Health Plan (2001). (Unpublished community report held at the Wikwemikong Health Centre). Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada.
52.
Wikwemikong Unceded Indian Reserve (WUIR). (2001). Band Office Indian Registration System. Total Population Statistics by Sex and Residence as of December 31, 2001. Wikwemikong, Ontario, Canada.
