The devastation of New Orleans as a result of Hurricane Katrina presents an opportunity and an obligation to examine the human and social factors that influenced the nation's response to this disaster. Lessons from Katrina suggest that a social marketing approach to disaster management could increase the likelihood of positive outcomes for individuals and communities when a disaster strikes. The authors propose an integrated approach to effective risk communications that encourages self-protective behaviors.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AndreasenAlan R. (1995), Marketing Social Change.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
2.
AndreasenAlan R. (2002), “Marketing Social Marketing in the Social Change Marketplace,”Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 21 (Spring), 3–13.
3.
ApplebomePeter, and AlfordJeremy (2005), “History of Corruption in Louisiana Stirs Fears That Aid Will Go Astray,”New York Times, (October 1), A10.
4.
BanduraAlbert (1986), Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
5.
BlendonRobert J., JohnM. Benson, BuhrTami, KathleenJ. Weldon, and MelissaJ. Herrmann (2006), “High-Risk Area Hurricane Survey,” Harvard School of Public Health Project on the Public and Biological Security, (July 5–11), (accessed August 14, 2006), [available at http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/hurricane/topline.doc].
6.
Brookings Institution (2005), “New Orleans After the Storm: Lessons from the Past, a Plan for the Future,”Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, (October).
7.
BurkhartFord N. (1991), Media, Emergency Warnings, and Citizen Response.Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
8.
BurnhamGilbert (2006), “Preventing Disaster: Realizing Vulnerabilities and Looking Forward,”Harvard International Review, 28 (1), 83–84.
Department of Homeland Security (2003), “Executive Order (EO-13284): Amendment of Executive Orders and Other Actions in Connection with the Establishment of the Office of Homeland Security,” (January 27), (accessed December 2, 2006), [available at http://www.dhs.gov/news/releases/press_release_0072.shtm].
11.
DrabekThomas E. (1986), Human System Responses to Disasters: An Inventory of Findings.New York: Springer-Verlag.
FishmanJessica, and CasarettDavid (2006), “Mass Media and Medicine: When the Most Trusted Media Mislead,”Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 81 (3), (accessed August 23, 2006), [available at http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.com].
GarrettThomas, and RussellS. Sobel (2003), “The Political Economy of FEMA Disaster Payments,”Economic Inquiry, 41 (3), 496–509.
16.
GrunwaldMichael (2005), “Canal May Have Worsened City's Flooding,”Washington Post, (September 14), A21.
17.
JohnsonEric J., JohnW. Payne, and JamesR. Bettman (1988), “Information Displays and Preference Reversals,”Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 42 (August), 1–24.
18.
LeeSpike (2006), When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Parts, HBO documentary, (August 21).
19.
LeesonPeter T., and RussellS. Sobel (2006), “Weathering Corruption,” working paper, Department of Economics, West Virginia University, and Mercatus Center, George Mason University.
20.
LevineAdeline G. (1982), Love Canal: Science, Policy and People.Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
21.
LindellMichael K., and RonaldW. Perry (1991), Behavioral Foundations of Emergency Planning.New York: Hemisphere Books.
22.
McConnellBill (2004), “This Is Not a Test,”Broadcasting & Cable, (August 16), 1.
23.
McEntireDavid A., FullerChristopher, ChadW. Johnston, and WeberRichard (2002), “A Comparison of Disaster Paradigms: The Search for a Holistic Policy Guide,”Public Administration Review, 62 (3), 267–81.
24.
MiletiDennis (1999), Disasters by Design: A Reassessment of Natural Hazards in the United States.Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
25.
National Hurricane Center (2006), “Hurricane Basics,” (accessed April 20, 2006), [available at http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/].
PerryRonald W. (1985), Comprehensive Emergency Management: Evacuating Threatened Populations.Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
29.
PerryRonald W., and MichaelK. Lindell (1989), “Communicating Threat Information for Volcano Hazards,” in Bad Tidings: Communication and Catastrophe, WaltersL.M., WilkinsL., and WaltersT., eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 47–62.
30.
PerryRonald W., and MushkatelAlvin (1984), Disaster Management: Warning and Community Relocation.Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
31.
QuinnSandra Crouse (2006), “Hurricane Katrina: A Social and Public Health Disaster,”American Journal of Public Health, 96 (2), 204.
32.
RedlenerIrwin, and DavidA. Berman (2006), “National Preparedness Planning: The Historical Context and Current State of the U.S. Public's Readiness, 1940-2005,”Journal of International Affairs, 59 (2), 87–103.
RogersWendy A., LamsonNina, and GabrielK. Rousseau (2000), “Warning Research: An Integrative Perspective,”Human Factors, 42 (1), 102–139.
35.
RothschildMichael L. (1999), “Carrots, Sticks, and Promises: A Conceptual Framework for the Management of Public Health and Social Issue Behaviors,”Journal of Marketing, 63 (October), 24–37.
36.
SchmidlinThomas W. (2006), “On Evacuation and Deaths from Hurricane Katrina,”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87 (6), 754–56.
37.
SchrammWilliam (1973), Men, Messages, and Media: A Look at Human Communication.New York: Harper & Row.
38.
SeitelFraser P. (2004), The Practice of Public Relations, 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
39.
SobelRussell S., and PeterT. Leeson (2006), “Government's Response to Hurricane Katrina: A Public Choice Analysis,”Public Choice, 127 (1-2), 55–73.
40.
SprottDavid E., DavidM. Hardesty, and AnthonyD. Miyazaki (1998), “Disclosure of Odds Information: An Experimental Investigation of Odds Format and Numeric Complexity,”Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 17 (Spring), 11–23.
41.
TaylorShelly E., and JohnathonD. Brown (1988), “Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health,”Psychological Bulletin, 103 (2), 193–210.
42.
TierneyKathleen J. (1999), “Toward a Critical Sociology of Risk,”Sociological Forum, 14 (2), 215–42.
43.
TierneyKathleen J., MichaelK. Lindell, and RonaldW. Perry (2001), Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States.Washington, DC: Joseph Henry Press.
