In this introduction for nonlawyers to the nation's antitrust laws and institutions and how they are likely to apply to e-commerce, the author argues that it is important for the government to help ensure that the industry will be shaped, during its current malleable phase, along competitive lines.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
American Antitrust Institute (2000), “Comments Relating to Orbitz and the D.O.T.'s Computer Reservation Services Rulemaking, Docket Nos. OST-97-2881, OST-97-3014, and OST-98-4775,” filed September 18 at the U.S. Department of Transportation. Washington, DC [available at http://www.antitrustinstitute.org/recent/85.cfm].
2.
Associated Press (2000), “E-Commerce Start-Up for Boats Begins,”New York Times, (September 5).
3.
Associated Press v. United States (1945), 326 U.S. 1.
4.
BakerJonathan B. (1996), “Identifying Horizontal Price Fixing in the Electronic Marketplace,”Antitrust Law Journal, 65(Fall), 41–55.
5.
BaltoDavid A. (2000), “Emerging Antitrust Issues in Electronic Commerce,”Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 19(Fall), 277–86.
6.
BaltoDavid A., and PitofskyRobert (1998), “Antitrust and High-Tech Industries: the New Challenge,”The Antitrust Bulletin, (Fall/Winter), 583–607.
7.
BuckleyNeil (2000), “EU in Landmark B2B Ruling,”Financial Times, (August 7).
8.
Covisint, Inc., In re (2000), File No. 001 0127 (Federal Trade Commission), closing letter to General Motors Corp., Ford Motor Co., and DaimlerChrysler AG, (September 11) [available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/2000/09/covisintchrysler.htm].
DalkirSerdar, and Warren-BoultonFrederick R. (1999), “Prices, Market Definition, and the Effects of Merger: Staples–Office Depot (1997),” in The Antitrust Revolution: Economics, Competition, and Policy, JohnE. KwokaJr., and WhiteLawrence J., eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 143–64.
11.
Eastman Kodak Co. v. Image Technical Services Inc. (1992), 112 S. Ct. 2072.
The Economist (2000d), “Trust and Antitrust,” (October 7), 21.
16.
EvansPhilip, and WursterThomas S. (2000), Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transforms Strategy.Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
17.
Federal Trade Commission (1995), “Dell Computer Settles FTC Charges; Won't Enforce Patent Rights for Widely Used Computer Feature,” press release, (November 2), [available at http://www.ftc.gov/opa/1995/9511/dell.htm].
18.
Federal Trade Commission (1998), Fair Allocation System, Inc.; Analysis to Aid Public Comment, 63 Fed. Reg. 43182.
19.
Federal Trade Commission (2000), Entering the 21st Century: Competition Policy in the World of B2B Electronic Marketplaces, staff report, (October) [available at http://www.ftc.gov/bc/b2b/index.htm].
20.
Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice (1999), Antitrust Guidelines for Collaborations Among Competitors, (issued in draft October 1) [available at http://www.ftc.gov/os/1999/9910/index.htm#1].
21.
FoerAlbert A. (1999), “The Importance of the Microsoft Case,”Connecticut Law Review, 31(Summer), 1275–84.
FoerAlbert A. (2001), “The Politics of Antitrust in the United States: Public Choice and Public Choices,”University of Pittsburgh Law Review, 62(Spring), forthcoming.
24.
FoerAlbert A., and LandeRobert H. (1999), “The Evolution of United States Antitrust Law: The Past, Present, and (Possible) Future,”Nihon University Comparative Law, 16(1999), 149–72.
25.
FTC:WATCH (2000), (October 23), Washington, DC.
26.
GellhornErnest, and KovacicWilliam E. (1994), Antitrust Law and Economics, 4th ed.St. Paul, MN: West Group.
27.
GilbertRichard J. (1995), “Networks, Standards, and the Use of Market Dominance: Microsoft,” in The Antitrust Revolution: Economics, Competition, and Policy, JohnE. KwokaJr., and WhiteLawrence J., eds. New York: Oxford University Press, 409–29.
28.
GrimesWarren (1999), “Franchise Antitrust Claims: The Vacuum in Federal Leadership,”FTC:WATCH, No. 531, (October 25) [available at www.antitrustinstitute.org].
29.
GuideraJerry (2000), “U.S. Widens Inquiry of Homestore.com, Reviewing Bid for Cendant's Move.com,”The Wall Street Journal, (November 7).
KleinJoel I. (2000), “Rethinking Antitrust Policies for the New Economy,” speech presented to the Haas/Berkeley New Economy Forum, Portola Valley, CA (May 9), [available at http://www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/4707.htm].
36.
LabatonStephen (1999), “Government Sues American Airlines, Accusing It of Predatory Pricing,”New York Times, (May 13).
37.
LessigLawrence (1999), Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace.New York: Basic Books.
38.
LundegaardKaren (2000), “FTC Clears Covisint, Big Three's Auto-Parts Site,”Wall Street Journal, (September 12).
39.
McKenzieRichard B. (2000), Trust on Trial: How the Microsoft Case Is Reframing the Rules of Competition.Cambridge: Perseus.
40.
PitofskyRobert (1999), “Antitrust Analysis in High-Tech Industries: A 19th Century Discipline Addresses 21st Century Problems,” prepared remarks at the American Bar Association Section of Antitrust Law's Antitrust Issues in High Tech Industries Workshop, Scottsdale, AZ (February 25), [available at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/pitofsky/hitch.htm].
41.
PitofskyRobert (2000a), “Challenges of the New Economy: Issues at the Intersection of Antitrust and Intellectual Property,” prepared remarks, Washington, DC (June 15), [available at http://www.antitrustinstitute.org/recent/73.cfm].
42.
PitofskyRobert (2000b), “Electronic Commerce and Beyond: Challenges of the New Digital Age,” prepared remarks at the Woodrow Wilson Center Sovereignty in the Digital Age Series, Washington, DC (February 10), [available at http://www.ftc.gov/speeches/pitofsky/rpwilson2.htm].
43.
PosnerRichard (2000), “Antitrust and the New Economy,” prepared remarks before a conference on antitrust sponsored by the American Law Institute–American Bar Association Committee on Continuing Professional Education, New York, (September 14) [available at http://www.techlawjournal.com/atr/20000914posner.asp].
SimpsonGlenn R. (2000), “As FTC Rides Herd on the Web, Marketers Begin to Circle the Wagons,”The Wall Street Journal, (February 29), B1.
52.
SkitolRobert A. (1999), “Antitrust Issues Confronting Collective Standard Setting in High-Technology Industries,” presented to American Bar Association Section of Antitrust Law, Scottsdale, AZ (February 25–26).
53.
SkitolRobert A. (2000), “FTC Spices Up Debate over Slotting Fees and the Robinson–Patman Act with Its McCormick Action,” AAI Column, FTC:WATCH, No. 540, (March 13) [available at http://www.antitrustinstitute.org/recent/60.cfm].
54.
StanleyJay (2000), The B2B Antitrust Minefield, report by Forrester Research Inc., (October) [available at www.forrester.com].
55.
SullivanLawrence A., and GrimesWarren S. (2000), The Law of Antitrust: An Integrated Handbook.St. Paul, MN: West Group.
56.
U.S. Department of Justice and the Federal Trade Commission (1997), Horizontal Merger Guidelines, (issued April 2, 1992, revised April 8, 1997) [available at http://www.ftc.gov/bc/docs/horizmer.htm].
57.
U.S. v. Airline Tariff Publishing Co. (1994), 1994-2 Trade Cas. (CCH) paragraph 70,687 (D.D.C. August 10) (final consent decree).
58.
U.S. v. AMR et al. (1999), Civil Action No. 99-1180-JTM, (filed May 13).
59.
U.S. v. Electronic Payment Services (1994), D. Del., (April 21) (Competitive Impact Statement).
60.
U.S. v. FTD (1995), 1996-1 Trade Cas. paragraph 71,394 (E.D. Mich.).
61.
U.S. v. Microsoft Corp. (1999), Civil Action No. 98-1232 (TPJ), U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia [available at http://usvms.gpo.gov/ms-conclusions.html].
62.
U.S. v. Realty Multi-List (1982), M.D. Ga., (April 9) (Competitive Impact Statement).
63.
Wall Street Journal (2000), “FTC Says Web Sweep Uncovers 1,600 Sites with Get-Rich Scams,” (March 24).
64.
WallerSpencer W. (1998), “Prosecution by Regulation: The Changing Nature of Antitrust Enforcement,”Oregon Law Review, 77, 1383.
65.
WilkeJohn R., and WhiteGregory L. (2000), “FTC Opens Antitrust Inquiry into Plan by Big 3 Car Makers for Online Venture,”The Wall Street Journal, (March 22), A6.