Abstract
Trace metals have been concentrated onto activated charcoal by using oxalic acid, iminodiacetic acid, and 8-hydroxyquinoline. The charcoal was directly analyzed in an ICP by placing several particles in a direct sample insertion (DSI) cup, or fabricating a DSI probe with an activated charcoal cap. Detection limits in the tens to hundreds of parts per trillion were found for Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cu. The recovery for Cu was 2–5% but may be improved by reactivation of the plasma-cleaned charcoal. Cleaning the charcoal, derived from wood, in the plasma prior to adsorption was necessary to remove trace metals.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Salin
E. D.
and
Horlick
G
, Anal. Chem. 51 , 2284 (1979 ).
2.
Blain
L.
and
Salin
E. D
, Spectrochim. Acta 47B , 399 (1992 ).
3.
Moss
P.
and
Salin
E. D
, Appl. Spectrosc. 45 , 1581 (1991 ).
4.
Rattray
R.
Minoso
J.
and
Salin
E. D
, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 , 1031 (1993 ).
5.
Rattray
R.
and
Salin
E. D
, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 10 , 1053 (1995 ).
6.
Devi
R.
and
Naidu
G. R. K
, Analyst 115 , 1469 (1990 ).
7.
Liieser
K. H.
Burba
P.
Calmano
W.
Dyck
W.
Heuss
E.
and
Sondermyer
S
, Mikrochim. Acta II , 445 (1980 ).
8.
Vanderborght
B. M.
and
Van Grieken
R. E
, Anal. Chem. 49 , 311 (1977 ).
9.
Murty
D. S. R.
and
Chakrapani
G
, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 11 , 815 (1996 ).
10.
Petit De Peña
Y.
Gallego
M.
and
Valcarcel
M
, Talanta 42 , 211 (1995 ).
11.
Yaman
M.
and
Gucer
S
, Analusis 23 , 168 (1995 ).
12.
Kimura
M.
, Talanta 24 , 194 (1977 ).
13.
Tezcan
R.
and
Tezcan
H
, Fresenius Environ. Bull. 5 , 156 (1996 ).
14.
Kimura
M.
and
Kawanami
K
, Talanta 26 , 901 (1979 ).
15.
Soylak
M.
and
Do'an
M
, Anal. Lett. 29 , 635 (1996 ).
16.
Lin
S.
Zheng
C.
and
Yun
G
, Talanta 42 , 921 (1995 ).
17.
De
A. K.
Khopkar
S. M.
and
Chalmers
R. A
, Solvent Extraction of Metals (Van Nostrand , London , 1976 ).
18.
Skinner
C. D.
and
Salin
E. D
, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 12 , 725 (1997 ).
19.
Malakova
Hr. G.
and
Mateva
Z. M
, Talanta 43 , 55 (1996 ).
20.
Hollingshead
R. G. W.
, Oxine and its Derivatives, Part 1 (Butterworths Scientific Publications , London , 1954 ).
21.
Piperaki
E.
Berndt
H.
and
Jackwerth
E
, Anal. Chim. Acta 100 , 589 (1978 ).
22.
Bansal
R. C.
Donnet
J.
and
Stoeckli
F
, Active Carbon (Marcel Dekker , New York , 1988 ).
23.
West
R. E.
, Effect of Porous Structure on Carbon Activation, Environmental Protection Agency Project #17020 (EPA , Washington, D.C. , 1971 ), p. 31 .
24.
Hall
G. E. M.
Pelchat
J. C.
and
De Silva
K. N
, Analyst 112 , 631 (1987 ).
25.
Hall
G. E. M.
and
Pelchat
J. C
, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 8 , 1059 (1993 ).
26.
Okutani
T.
Tsuruta
Y.
and
Sakuragawa
A
, Anal. Chem. 65 , 1273 (1993 ).