Fourier transform (FT)-Raman spectroscopy has been used to obtain high-quality spectra of 32 explosive materials. The majority of the spectra of these explosives have not previously been reported. Twenty-eight of the explosives have been categorized into three classes (nitrates esters, nitro-aromatics, and nitramines) based on their chemical structure, the position of the antisymmetric and symmetric stretching vibrations of the nitro group, and the shapes of the band envelopes. The spectra of exceptional explosives are discussed in terms of their unique structures or compositions.
Committee on Commercial Aviation Security, Detection of Explosives for Commercial Aviation Security (National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1993).
2.
RouhiA. M., C & E News73, No. 30, 10 (1995).
3.
FainbergA., Science255, 1531 (1992).
4.
PolskiP. A., J. Testing and Evaluation22, 267 (1994).
5.
EliasL., J. Testing and Evaluation22, 280 (1994).
6.
YinonJ.ZitrinS., Modern Methods and Applications in Analysis of Explosives (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1993).
7.
WashingtonW. D.MidkiffC. R., Jr., “Explosive Residue in Bomb-Scene Investigations: New Technology Applied to Their Detection and Identification”, in Forensic Science, DaviesG., Ed. (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1986), 2nd ed., p. 259.
8.
CarverF. W. S.SinclairT. J., J. Raman Spectrosc.14, 410 (1983).
9.
CarverF. W. S.WyndhamP. D.SinclairT. J., J. Raman Spectrosc.16, 332 (1985).
McNesbyK. L.WolfeJ. E.MorrisJ. B.Pesce-RodriguezR. A., J. Raman Spectrosc.25, 75 (1994).
13.
ChaffinN. C.DanielN. W.Jr.LewisI. R.GriffithsP. R., “The Study of Explosives using Raman Spectrometry and Feed-Forward Neural Networks”, in Proceedings of the XIV International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy, YuN.-T.LiX.-Y, Eds. (Wiley, Chichester, 1994), p. 894.
14.
ChengC.KilbridgeT. E.BatchelderD. N.LaceyR. J.SheldonT. G., J. Forensic Sci.40, 31 (1995).
15.
LewisI. R.DanielN. W.Jr.ChaffinN. C.GriffithsP. R.TungolM. W., Spectrochim. Acta51A, 1985 (1995).
DanielN. W.Jr.LewisI. R.GriffithsP. R., Mikrochim. Acta514, 281 (1997).
20.
VickersT. J.RosenC. A.MannC. K., Appl. Spectrosc.50, 959 (1996).
21.
MeyerR., Explosives (VCH Publishers, New York, 1987), 3rd ed.
22.
Lin-VienD.ColthupN. B.FateleyW. G.GrasselliJ. G., The Handbook of Infrared and Raman Characteristic Frequencies of Organic Molecules (Academic Press, Boston, 1991).
23.
DollishF. R.FateleyW. G.BentleyF. F., Characteristic Raman Frequencies of Organic Compounds (John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1974).
24.
BellamyL. J., The Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules (Chapman and Hall, London, 1978), vol. 1.
25.
RoegesN. P. G., A Guide to the Complete Interpretation of Infrared Spectra of Organic Molecules (John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, 1994).
26.
PassinghamC.HendraP. J.HodgesC.WillisH. A., Spectrochim. Acta47A, 1235 (1991).
