Abstract
A new nondispersive colorimetric analyzer has been developed with the use of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as optical sensors coupled to an artificial neural network (ANN). In this application, various colored LEDs are used as optical detectors with tuned bandpasses. The device has been evaluated against conventional spectrometric methods in the determination of pH and heavy metals by the use of colorimetric procedures. The spectrometer benefits from a simple design, ease of application, inexpensive cost of construction, and long life.
Keywords
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Dasgupta
P. K.
Bellamy
H. S.
Liu
H.
Lopez
J. L.
Loree
E. L.
Morris
K.
Petersen
K.
Mir
K. A.
, Talanta 40 , 53 (1993 ).
2.
Liu
H.
Dasgupta
P. K.
Zheng
H. J.
, Talanta 40 , 1331 (1993 ).
3.
Sonne
K.
Dasgupta
P. K.
, Anal. Chem. 63 , 427 (1991 ).
4.
Vecera
Z.
Dasgupta
P. K.
, Anal. Chem. 63 , 2210 (1991 ).
5.
Liu
H.
Dasgupta
P. K.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 289 , 347 (1994 ).
6.
Huang
J.
Liu
H.
Tan
A.
Xu
J.
Zhao
X.
, Talanta 39 , 589 (1992 ).
7.
Hauser
P. C.
Rupasinghe
T. W. T.
Cates
N. E.
, Talanta 42 , 605 (1995 ).
8.
Hauser
P. C.
Chiang
D. W. L.
, Talanta 40 , 1193 (1993 ).
9.
Long
J. R.
Gregoriou
V. G.
Gemperline
P. J.
, Anal. Chem. 62 , 1791 (1990 ).
10.
Zupan
J.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 235 , 53 (1990 ).
11.
Lohninger
H.
Stancl
F.
, Fresenius J. Anal. Chem. 344 , 186 (1992 ).
12.
Wythoff
B. J.
Levine
S. P.
Tomellini
S. A.
, Anal. Chem. 62 , 2702 (1990 ).
13.
Majcen
N.
Rajer-Kanduc
K.
Novic
M.
Zupan
J.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 2154 (1995 ).
14.
Blanco
M.
Coello
J.
Iturriaga
H.
Maspoch
S.
Redon
M.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 4477 (1995 ).
15.
Ventura
S.
Silva
M.
Perez-Bendito
D.
Hervas
C.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 1521 (1995 ).
16.
Wang
Z.
Hwang
J.-N.
Kowalski
B. R.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 1497 (1995 ).
17.
Klawun
C.
Wilkins
C. L.
, Anal. Chem. 67 , 374 (1995 ).
18.
Goodacre
R.
Neal
M. J.
Kell
D. B.
, Anal. Chem. 66 , 1070 (1994 ).
19.
Glick
M.
Hieftje
G. M.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 45 , 1706 (1991 ).
20.
Zupan
J.
Gasteiger
J.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 248 , 1 (1991 ).
21.
Paradkar
R. P.
Williams
R. R.
, Anal. Chem. 66 , 2752 (1994 ).
22.
Uhr
L. M.
Honavar
H.
, Artificial Intelligence and Neural Networks: Steps Toward Integration (Academic Press , New York , 1994 ).
23.
Annema
A.-J.
, Feed-Forward Neural Networks: Vector Decomposition Analysis, Modelling, and Analog Implementation (Kluwer Academic Publishers , New York , 1995 ).
24.
Marczenko
Z.
, in Spectrophotometric Determination of Elements ,
Ramsay
C. G.
, Ed. (John Wiley and Sons , New York , 1976 ).
25.
Cheng
K. L.
Ueno
K.
Imamura
T.
, Handbook of Organic Analytical Reagents (CRC Press , Boca Raton, Florida , 1982 ).
26.
Harris
D. C.
, Quantitative Chemical Analysis (Freeman , New York , 1991 ).