A compact diode laser/fiber-optic Raman spectrometer is used for quantitative detection of environmentally important dyes. This system is based on diode laser excitation at 782 nm, fiber-optic probe technology, an imaging spectrometer, and a state-of-the-art scientific CCD camera. The dyes studied include trypan blue, acid black 1, acid blue 40, and basic blue 7. Detection sensitivities (at rms S/N = 2) ranged from 0.2 ppm (3.24 × 10−7 M) for acid black 1, to 25 ppm (4.86 × 10−5 M) for basic blue 7.
LuthyR. G. and SmallM. J., Environ. Sci. Technol.24, 1620 (1990).
2.
TrottG. R. and FurtakT. E., Rev. Sci. Instrum.51, 1493 (1980).
3.
McCreeryR. L. and FleischmannM, and HendraP., Anal. Chem.55, 146 (1983).
4.
SchwabS. and McCreeryR. L., Anal. Chem.56, 2199 (1984).
5.
NewbyK.ReichertW. M. and AndradeJ. D, and BennerR. E., Appl. Opt.23, 1812 (1984).
6.
SchwabS. and McCreeryR. L., Anal. Chem.58, 2486 (1986).
7.
ArchibaldD. D. and LinL. T, and HonigsD. E., Appl. Spectrosc.42, 1558 (1988).
8.
LeugersM. A. and McLachlanR. D., in Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Applications of Fibers, SPIE Vol. 990, LiebermanR. A. and WlodarczykM. T., Eds. (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1988), p. 88.
9.
LewisE. N. and KalasinskyV. F, and LevinI. W., Anal. Chem.60, 2658 (1988).
10.
MyrickM. L. and AngelS. M., Appl. Spectrosc.44, 565 (1990).
11.
MyrickM. L. and AngelS. M, and DesiderioR., Appl. Opt.29, 1333 (1990).
12.
WilliamsK. P. J., J. Raman Spectrosc.21, 147 (1990).
13.
ChongC. K.ShenC.FongY.ZhuJ.YanF. X.BrushS. and MannC. K, and VickersT. J., Vibrat. Spectrosc.3, 35 (1992).
14.
SchoenC. L.CooneyT. F. and SharmaS. K, and CareyD. M., Appl. Opt.31, 7707 (1992).
15.
WangC. and VickersT. J, and MannC. K., Appl. Spectrosc.47, 928 (1993).
16.
WilliamsonJ. M. and BowlingR. J, and McCreeryR. L., Appl. Spectrosc.43, 372 (1989).
17.
AngelS. M. and MyrickM. L., Anal. Chem.61, 1648 (1989).
18.
WangY. and McCreeryR. L., Anal. Chem.61, 2647 (1989).
19.
AllredC. D. and McCreeryR. L., Appl. Spectrosc.44, 1229 (1990).
20.
AngelS. M. and MyrickM. L, and VessT. M., “Remote Raman Spectroscopy Using Diode Lasers and Fiber-optic Probes”, in Optical Methods for Ultrasensitive Detection and Analysis: Techniques and Applications (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1991), Vol. 1435, pp. 72–80.
21.
AngelS. M. and VessT. M, and MyrickM. L., “Simultaneous Multipoint Fiber-optic Raman Sampling for Chemical Process Control Using Diode Lasers and a CCD Detector”, in Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Fiber Sensors III (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1991), Vol. 1587, pp. 219–231.
22.
NewmanC. D. and BretG. G, and McCreeryR. L., Appl. Spectrosc.46, 262 (1992).
23.
CarrabbaM. M.SpencerK. M. and RichC, and RauhD., Appl. Spectrosc.44, 1558 (1990).
24.
PelletierM. J. and ReederR. C., Appl. Spectrosc.45, 765 (1991).
25.
YangB. and MorrisM. D, and OwenH., Appl. Spectrosc.45, 1553 (1991).
26.
PallisterD. M.LiuK. L.GovilA.MorrisM. D. and OwenH, and HarrisonT. R., Appl. Spectrosc.46, 1469 (1992).
27.
KulkarniS. V.BlackwellC. D.BlackardA. L. and StackhouseC. W, and AlexanderM. W., Textile Dyeing Operations (Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, New Jersey, 1986).
28.
ZolingerH., Color Chemistry, Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic Dyes and Pigments (VCH, New York, 1987), pp. 323–324.
29.
SigmanC.PapaP.DoeltzM.PerryL. and TwhiggA, and HelmesC. J., Environ. Sci. HealthA20, 427 (1985).
30.
CombesR. and Haveland-SmithR., Mutat. Res.98, 101 (1982).
31.
BorgerdingA. J. and HitesR. A., Environ. Sci. Technol.28, 1278 (1994).
32.
VoyksnerR., Anal. Chem.57, 2600 (1985).
33.
YinonJ. and JonesT, and BetowskiL., Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom.18, 445 (1989).
34.
BetowskiL.PyleS. and BallardJ, and ShaulG., Biomed. Environ. Mass Spectrom.14, 343 (1987).
35.
SchwabS. D. and McCreeryR. L., Appl. Spectrosc.41, 126 (1987).
36.
CarrabbaM. M.SpencerK. M. and EdmondsR. B, and RauhD., Environmental and Process Monitoring Technologies (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1992), Vol. 1637, pp. 82–90.
37.
FreemanH.HartenT.SpringerJ.RandallP. and CurranM. A, and StoneK., J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.42, 618 (1992).