Abstract
Trace level quantities of some nonmetallic elements are determined by coupling graphite rod electrothermal vaporization with a helium microwave-induced plasma. Microliter liquid samples of chlorides, bromides, iodides, sulfides, and ammonium nitrogen have been introduced into a grooved graphite rod, where they were dried, ashed, and vaporized into the plasma. The analytical performance of the GRV/He-MIP was found to be an excellent excitation source for dry analyte vapors. The graphite rod vaporization device is well suited for sample introduction for a lowpower microwave-induced plasma. Analytical calibration curves were obtained that have linearities between 2.5 to 5 orders of magnitude. Detection limits of the technique for 10-μL aqueous sample solutions are reported in the lower nanogram region. The common anions and cations did not show significant interference effects on the determination of traces of these nonmetals.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Kirkbright
G. F.
and
Marshall
M
, Anal. Chem. 44 , 1288 (1972 ).
2.
Karyakin
A. U.
Savinova
E. N.
and
Andreeva
T. P
, Anal. Chem. (USSR) 24 , 346 (1969 ).
3.
Becker-Ross
H.
and
Falk
H
, Spectrosc. Acta 30B , 253 (1975 ).
4.
Gol'deshtein
M. M.
and
Yudelevich
I. G. J
, Anal. Chem. (USSR) 31 , 657 (1976 ).
5.
Windsor
D. L.
and
Denton
M. B
, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 17 , 492 (1979 ).
6.
Northway
S. J.
and
Fry
R. C
, Appl. Spectrosc. 34 , 332 (1980 ).
7.
Northway
S. J.
Brown
R. M.
and
Fry
R. C
, Appl. Spectrosc. 34 , 338 (1980 ).
8.
Fry
R. C.
Northway
S. J.
Brown
R. M.
and
Hughes
S. K
, Anal. Chem. 52 , 1716 (1980 ).
9.
Hughes
S. K.
and
Fry
R. C
, Anal. Chem. 53 , 1111 (1981 ).
10.
Denton
M. B.
Pilon
M. J.
and
Babis
J. S
, Appl. Spectrosc. 44 , 975 (1990 ).
11.
McCormack
A. J.
Tong
S. C.
and
Cooke
W. D
, Anal. Chem. 37 , 1470 (1965 ).
12.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, Anal. Chem. 37 , 1477 (1965 ).
13.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 1757 (1966 ).
14.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, J. Gas Chromatogr. 6 , 301 (1968 ).
15.
Runnels
J. H.
and
Gibson
J. H
, Anal. Chem. 39 , 1398 (1967 ).
16.
Aldous
K. M.
Dagnall
R. M.
and
West
T. S
, Anal. Chim. Acta , 54 , 233 (1917 ).
17.
Kawaguchi
H.
and
Vallee
B. L
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 1029 (1975 ).
18.
Fricke
F. L.
Rose
O.
and
Caruso
J. A
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 2018 (1975 ).
19.
Layman
L. R.
and
Hieftje
G. M
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 194 (1975 ).
20.
Zander
L. R.
and
Hieftje
G. M
, Anal. Chem. 50 , 1257 (1978 ).
21.
Alder
J. F.
and
DaCunha
M. T. C
, Canad. J. Spectrosc. 25 , 32 (1980 ).
22.
Carnahan
J. W.
and
Caruso
J. A
, Anal. Chim. Acta 136 , 261 (1982 ).
23.
Aziz
A.
Broekaert
J. A. C.
and
Leis
F
, Spectrosc. Acta 37B , 381 (1982 ).
24.
Abdillahi
M. M.
and
Snook
R. D
, Analyst 111 , 265 (1986 ).
25.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, Biomed. Appl. Gas Chromatogr. 2,165 (1968 ).
26.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 783 (1966 ).
27.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, Anal. Chem. 39 , 786 (1967 ).
28.
Bache
C. A.
and
Lisk
D. J
, Anal. Chem. 43 , 950 (1971 ).
29.
Moye
H. A.
, Anal. Chem. 39 , 1441 (1967 ).
30.
Dagnall
R. M.
Pratt
S. J.
West
T. S.
and
Deans
D. R
, Talanta 16 , 797 (1969 ).
31.
Dagnall
R. M.
Pratt
S. J.
West
T. S.
and
Deans
D. R
, Talanta 17 , 1009 (1970 ).
32.
Dagnall
R. M.
West
T. S.
and
Whitehead
P
, Anal. Chim. Acta 60 , 25 (1972 ).
33.
Dagnall
R. M.
Silvester
M. D.
West
T. S.
and
Whitehead
P
, Talanta 19 , 1226 (1972 ).
34.
Dagnall
R. M.
West
T. S.
and
Whitehead
P
, Analyst 98 , 647 (1973 ).
35.
Maclean
W. R.
Stanton
D. L.
and
Penketh
G. E
, Analyst 98 , 432 (1973 ).
36.
Dagnall
R. M.
West
T. S.
and
Whitehead
P
, Anal. Chem. 44 , 2074 (1972 ).
37.
Dagnall
R. M.
Johnson
D. J.
and
West
T. S
, Spectrosc. Lett. 6 , 87 (1973 ).
38.
Luippold
D. A.
and
Beauchamp
J. L
, Anal. Chem. 42 , 1374 (1970 ).
39.
Grossmann
W. E. L.
Eng
J.
and
Tong
Y. C
, Anal. Chim. Acta 60 , 447 (1972 ).
40.
Talmi
Y.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 74 , 107 (1975 ).
41.
Talmi
Y.
and
Bostick
D. T
, Anal. Chim. Acta 85 , 203 (1975 ).
42.
Talmi
Y.
and
Andren
A. W
, Anal. Chem. 46 , 2122 (1974 ).
43.
Talmi
Y.
and
Bostick
D. T
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 2145 (1974 ).
44.
Talmi
Y.
and
Norvell
V. E
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 1510 (1975 ).
45.
Serravallo
F. A.
and
Risby
T. H
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 2141 (1975 ).
46.
Serrvallo
F. A.
and
Risby
T. H
, J. Chromatogr. Sci. 12 , 585 (1974 ).
47.
Kawaguchi
H.
Sakamoto
T.
and
Mizuike
A
, Talanta 20 , 321 (1973 ).
48.
Beenakker
C. I. M.
, Philips Tech. Rev. 39 , 65 (1980 ).
49.
Wu
M.
and
Caranahan
J. W
, Appl. Spectrosc. 44 , 673 (1990 ).
50.
Haas
D. L.
and
Caruso
J. A
, Appl. Spectrosc. 73 , 82 (1983 ).
51.
Haas
D. L.
Carnahan
J. W.
and
Caruso
J. A
, Anal. Chem. 56 , 2014 (1984 ).
52.
Haas
D. L.
Carnahan
J. W.
and
Caruso
J. A
, Anal. Chem. 57 , 846 (1985 ).
53.
Haas
D. L.
and
Jamerson
J. D
, Spectrochim. Acta , 42B , 299 (1987 ).
54.
Satzger
R. D.
Fricke
F. L.
Brown
P. G.
and
Caruso
J. A
, Spectrochim. Acta 42B , 705 (1987 ).
55.
Abdillahi
M. M.
Ph.D. Thesis , Imperial College, University of London (1986 ).
56.
Pearse
R. E. B.
and
Gaydon
A. G
, The Identification of Molecular Spectra (Chapman and Hall , London , 1965 ), 3rd ed.
57.
Tanabe
K.
Haraguchi
H.
and
Fuwa
K
, Spectrochim. Acta 36B , 119 (1981 ).