Abstract
The efficiency of the stimulated Raman gain scattering (SRGS) in liquids is sufficiently high to make the phenomenon useful as a means of chemical analysis. Quantitative and qualitative studies of stimulated Raman gain detected by photothermal probe beam deflection are presented with a major simplification in instrumentation for generating the Stokes probe beam. This technique is evaluated for the detection and quantitation of a model chlorinated hydrocarbon, 1,1,1-trichloroethane. With a very modest laser pulse energy of 1.5 mJ (average power of 1.5 mW) and a pathlength of 10 cm, the technique is useful for the noninvasive, real-time monitoring of SRGS-active compounds at the 10 mM level. Selectivity against 1,1,2-trichloroethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, trichloroethylene, ethylbenzene, and benzene is excellent. Direct identification and simultaneous determination of individual compounds in process and effluent streams could be attained without sampling, separations, or other pretreatment procedures.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Owyoung
A.
and
Jones
E. D
, Opt. Lett. 1 , 152 (1977 ).
2.
Owyoung
A.
, Opt. Coram. 22 , 323 (1977 ).
3.
Owyoung
A.
, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-14 , 192 (1978 ).
4.
Bloembergen
N.
, in Proceedings of the VIth International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy ,
Schmid
E. D.
Krishnan
R. S.
Kiefer
W.
and
Schrotter
H. W
, Eds. (Heyden , London , 1978 ), Vol. 1 , p. 335 .
5.
Nestor
J. R.
, J. Chem. Phys. 69 , 1778 (1978 ).
6.
Nestor
J. R.
, in Proceedings of the VIIth International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (North-Holland , Amsterdam , 1980 ), p. 676 .
7.
Woodbury
E. J.
and
Ng
W. K
, Proc. IRE 50 , 2367 (1962 ).
8.
Eckhardt
G.
Hellwarth
R. W.
McClung
F. J.
Schwarz
S. E.
Weiner
D.
and
Woodbury
E. J
, Phys. Rev. Lett. 9 , 455 (1962 ).
9.
Kaiser
W.
and
Maier
M
, in Laser Handbook ,
Arecchi
F. T.
and
Schulz-Dubois
E. O
, Eds. (North-Holland , Amsterdam , 1972 ), Vol. 2 , p. 1077 .
10.
Wang
C. S.
, in Quantum Electronics: A Treatise, Vol. 1 , Nonlinear Optics, Part A ,
Rabin
H.
and
Tang
C. L
, Eds. (Academic Press , New York , 1975 ), p. 447 .
11.
Lai
E. P. C.
and
Harris
J. M
, Anal. Chim. Acta, paper accepted (1991 ).
12.
Levenson
M. D.
, Introduction to Nonlinear Laser Spectroscopy (Academic Press , New York , 1982 ), Chap. 4.
13.
Heritage
J. P.
and
Allara
D. L
, Chem. Phys. Lett. 74 , 507 (1980 ).
14.
Levine
B. F.
and
Bethea
C. G
, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-16 , 85 (1980 ).
15.
Jones
W. J.
, in Advances in Non-linear Spectroscopy ,
Clark
R. J. H.
and
Hester
R. E
, Eds. (John Wiley & Sons , New York , 1988 ), p. 51 .
16.
Barrett
J. J.
, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 , 1433 (1978 ).
17.
Barrett
J. J.
and
Berry
M. J
, Appl. Phys. Lett. 34 , 144 (1979 ).
18.
Siebert
D. R.
West
G. A.
and
Barrett
J. J
, Appl. Opt. 19 , 53 (1980 ).
19.
West
G. A.
Barrett
J. J.
Siebert
D. R.
and
Reddy
K. V
, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 54 , 797 (1983 ).
20.
Barrett
J. J.
, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 21 , 419 (1985 ).
21.
Patel
C. K. N.
and
Tam
A. C
, Appl. Phys. Lett. 34 , 760 (1979 ).
22.
Bilmes
G. M.
and
Braslavsky
S. E
, 6th International Topical Meeting on Photoacoustic and Photothermal Phenomena, Baltimore, Maryland (1989 ), Paper MAm2.
23.
Bailey
R. T.
and
Cruickshank
F. R
, in Proceedings of the VIIth International Conference on Raman Spectroscopy (North-Holland , Amsterdam , 1980 ), p. 698 .
24.
Bailey
R. T.
Cruickshank
F. R.
Pugh
D.
Guthrie
S.
Nelson
C. H.
and
Raman
J
Spectrosc. 18 , 13 (1987 ).
25.
Kiefer
W.
, in Non-linear Raman Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications ,
Kiefer
W.
and
Long
D. A
, Eds. (D. Reidel , Dordrecht , 1982 ), p. 83 .
26.
Boccara
A. C.
Fournier
D.
and
Badoz
J
, J. Appl. Phys. Lett. 36 , 130 (1980 ).
27.
Murphy
J. C.
and
Aamodt
L. C
, J. Appl. Phys. 51 , 4580 (1980 ).
28.
Laubereau
A.
, in Non-linear Raman Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications ,
Kiefer
W.
and
Long
D. A
, Eds. (D. Reidel , Dordrecht , 1982 ), p. 183 .
29.
Bialkowski
S. E.
and
Long
G. R
, Anal. Chem. 59 , 873 (1987 ).
30.
Shen
Y. R.
, The Principles of Nonlinear Optics (John Wiley & Sons , New York , 1984 ), p. 141 .
31.
Bloembergen
N.
, Nonlinear Optics (Benjamin , Reading, Massachusetts , 1965 ).
32.
Partanen
J. P.
and
Shaw
M. J
, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 3 , 1374 (1986 ).
33.
Penzkofer
A.
Laubereau
A.
and
Kaiser
W
, Prog. Quant. Electr. 6 , 55 (1979 ).
34.
Levine
B. F.
Bethea
C. G.
Tretola
A. R.
and
Korngor
M
, Appl. Phys. Lett. 37 , 595 (1980 ).
35.
Heritage
J. P.
and
Penzkofer
A
, Chem. Phys. Lett. 44 , 76 (1976 ).
36.
Ippen
E. P.
Shank
C. V.
and
Woerner
R. L
, Chem. Phys. Lett. 46 , 20 (1977 ).
37.
McGraw
D. J.
and
Harris
J. M
, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 2 , 1471 (1985 ).
38.
Batra
I. P.
Enns
R. H.
and
Pohl
D
, Phys. Stat. Sol. 48b , 11 (1971 ).
39.
Lu
H. M.
and
Page
J. B
, J. Chem. Phys. 92 , 7038 (1990 ).
40.
Andrews
J. R.
and
Hochstrasser
R. M
, Chem. Phys. Lett. 76 , 207 (1980 ).
41.
McGraw
D. J.
and
Harris
J. M
, Phys. Rev. A 34 , 4829 (1986 ).
42.
McGraw
D. J.
Michaelson
J.
and
Harris
J. M
, J. Chem. Phys. 86 , 2536 (1987 ).
43.
Braslavsky
S. E.
and
Heihoff
K
, in CRC Handbook of Organic Photochemistry ,
Scaiano
J. C.
Ed. (CRC Press , Boca Raton, Florida , 1989 ), Vol. 1 , p. 327 .
44.
Zinth
W.
and
Kaiser
W
, in Non-linear Raman Spectroscopy and Its Chemical Applications ,
Kiefer
W.
and
Long
D. A
, Eds. (D. Reidel , Dordrecht , 1982 ), p. 227 .
45.
Schrader
B.
, Raman/Infrared Atlas of Organic Compounds (VCH Verlagsgesellschaft , Weinheim , 1989 ) 2nd ed.
46.
Martens
H.
and
Naes
T
, in Chemometrics: Mathematics and Statistics in Chemistry, NATO ASI Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 138 ,
Kowalski
B. R.
Ed. (D. Reidel , Dordrecht , 1984 ), p. 147 .
47.
Khosrofian
J. M.
and
Garetz
B. A
, Appl. Opt. 22 , 3406 (1983 ).