Ultra-Trace-Level Determination of Cobalt,Chromium,and Hydrogen Peroxide by Luminol Chemiluminescence Detected with a Charge-Coupled Device

Abstract

A solid-state two-dimensional charge-coupled device (CCD) is used to detect the chemiluminescence of luminol with hydrogen peroxide and a transition metal ion. The chemiluminescence spectra are recorded with the use of trace amounts of metal ions. Excellent linearity, dynamic range, and detection limits are obtained for the total amount of Cr³⁺, Co²⁺, and H₂O₂ analyzed by manual injection. Detection limits on the order of low femto-mole levels of analytes are reported. The utility of CCDs for ultra-low-level light measurements is discussed, and new concepts for “luminometers,” both wavelength dispersive and nondispersive, are described.

Keywords

Chemiluminescence Charge-coupled device CCD Luminol Hydrogen peroxide Cobalt Chromium Femto-mole Femto-gram

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Harvey

E. N.

, History of Luminescence (American Physiological Society, Philadelphia, 1957).

Bennett

R. G.

and Kellogg

R. E.

, “Mechanism and Rates of Radiationless Energy Transfer,” in Progress in Reaction Kinetics, Porter

, Ed. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1967), Vol. 4, pp. 215–238.

Chemical and Biological Generation of Excited States, Adam

and Cilento

, Eds. (Academic Press, New York, 1982).

Kricka

L. J.

and Thorpe

G. H. G.

, Analyst 108, 1274 (1983).

Grayeski

M. L.

, Anal. Chem. 59, 1243A (1987).

Boyle

E. A.

Handy

, and Van Geen

, Anal. Chem. 59, 1499 (1987).

Sakamoto-Arnold

C. M.

and Johnson

K. S.

, Anal. Chem. 59, 1789 (1987).

Patel

Woodhead

J. S.

Cambell

A. K.

Hart

, and McCapra

, in Luminescent Assays, Serio

and Pazzagli

, Eds. (Raven Press, New York, 1982).

Albrecht

H. O.

, Z. Physik. Chem. 136, 321 (1928).

10.

White

E. H.

Zafiriou

Kagi

, and Hill

J. H.

, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 940 (1964).

11.

White

E. H.

and Burse

M. M.

, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 941 (1964).

12.

White

E. H.

and Roswell

D. F.

, Ace. Chem. Res. 3, 54 (1970).

13.

Hartkopf

and Delumyea

, Anal. Lett. 7, 79 (1974).

14.

Vassil'ev

R. F.

, “Chemiluminescence in Liquid-Phase Reactions,” in Progress in Reaction Kinetics, Porter

, Ed. (Pergamon Press, New York, 1967), Vol. 4, pp. 305–354.

15.

Seliger

H. H.

and Lee

, Photochem. Photobiol. 15, 227 (1972).

16.

Stieg

and Nieman

T. A.

, Anal. Chem. 49, 1322 (1977).

17.

Merenyi

and Lind

J. S.

, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 102, 5830 (1980).

18.

Talmi

, Anal. Chem. 47, 658A (1975).

19.

Christian

G. D.

Callis

J. B.

, and Davidson

E. R.

, “Array Detectors and Excitation Emission Matrices in Multicomponent Analysis,” in Modern Fluorescence Spectroscopy, Wehry

E. L.

, Ed. (Plenum Press, New York, 1981), Vol. 4, pp. 111–165.

20.

Multichannel Image Detectors, Talmi

, Ed., ACS Symposium Series 236 (American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1983), Vol. 2.

21.

Bilhorn

R. B.

Sweedler

J. V.

Epperson

P. M.

, and Denton

M. B.

, Appl. Spectrosc. 44, 1114 (1987).

22.

Bilhorn

R. B.

Epperson

P. M.

Sweedler

J. V.

, and Denton

M. B.

, Appl. Spectrosc. 44, 1125 (1987).

23.

Sweedler

J. V.

Bilhorn

R. B.

Epperson

P. M.

Sims

G. R.

, and Denton

M. B.

, Anal. Chem. 60, 282A (1988).

24.

Gundermann

K. D.

and McCapra

, Chemiluminescence in Organic Chemistry (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1987).

25.

York

D. G.

Jenkins

E. B.

Zucchino

Lowrance

J. L.

Long

, and Songalia

, “Echelle Spectroscopy with a Charge-coupled Device (CCD),” in Solid State Imagers for Astronomy, Geary

J. C.

and Latham

D. W.

, Eds., Proc. SPIE 290 (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1981), pp. 202–207.

26.

Epperson

P. M.

and Denton

M. B.

, “Binning Spectral Images in a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD),” submitted to Analytical Chemistry, December 1987.

27.

Curie

, Trans. Faraday Soc. 35, 114 (1939).

28.

Yen

W. M.

, “Optical Spectroscopy of Ions in Inorganic Glasses,” in Optical Spectroscopy of Glasses, Zschokke

, Ed. (D. Reidel Publishing Co., Boston, 1986), pp. 23–64.

29.

Wong

and Angell

C. A.

, Glass: Structure by Spectroscopy (Marcel Dekker, New York, 1976).

30.

Savoye

E. D.

, “High Performance Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Imagers Tailored for Scientific Applications,” in Solid State Imaging Arrays, Proc. SPIE 570 (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1985), pp. 95–97.

31.

Sims

G. R.

and Denton

M. B.

, J. Opt. Eng. 26, 1008 (1987).

32.

Epperson

P. M.

Jalkian

R. D.

, and Denton

M. B.

, “Molecular Fluorescence Measurements with a Charge-Coupled Device Detector,” submitted to Analytical Chemistry, February 1988.

33.

Fowler

Waddel

, and Mortara

, “Evaluation of the RCA 512 × 320 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Imagers for Astronomical Use,” in Solid State Imagers for Astronomy, Geary

J. C.

and Latham

D. W.

, Eds., Proc. SPIE 290 (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington, 1981), pp. 34–44.

34.

Waddel

and Christian

, J. Opt. Eng. 26, 734 (1987).