Abstract
The development of plasma arc devices as replacements for chemical combustion flames in trace element analyses by emission spectrometry is traced with particular emphasis on those devices in which the spectrometric observation is made in the non-current-carrying portion of the discharge or “plume.” The question of local thermal equilibrium in both the arc column and plasma plume is discussed and the dependence of temperature on experimental variables is considered in terms of a model. In addition to the temperature attained, the performance of various gas stabilized arcs and plasma jets is discussed with reference to interferences, background emission, limits of detection, and precision. Particular attention is paid to the problem of sample aerosol introduction into the high temperature plasma. The dc plasma arc at its present level of development is compared with the inductively coupled plasma for use as a source in emission spectroscopy.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Margoshes
M.
and
Scribner
B. F.
, Spectrochim. Acta 14 , 138 (1959 ).
2.
Korolev
V. V.
and
Vainshtein
E. E.
, J. Anal. Chem. USSR 14 , 731 (1959 ).
3.
Gerdien
H.
and
Lotz
A.
, Z. Tech. Phys. 4 , 157 (1923 ).
4.
Lotz
A.
, Z. Tech. Phys. 15 , 187 (1934 ).
5.
Weiss
R.
, Z. Phys. 138 , 170 (1954 ).
6.
Peters
R.
, Naturwissenschaften 41 , 571 (1954 ).
7.
Giannini
G. M.
, Sci. Am. 197 , 80 (1957 ).
8.
Korolev
V. V.
and
Vainshtein
E. E.
, J. Anal. Chem. USSR 15 , 783 (1960 ).
9.
Korolev
F. A.
and
Kvaratskheli
Iu. K.
, Opt. Spectrosc. 10 , 200 (1961 ).
10.
Grechikhin
L. I.
and
Shimanovich
V. D.
, Opt. Spectrosc. 13 , 358 (1962 ).
11.
Greshikhin
L. I.
, J. Anal. Chem. USSR 18 , 16 (1963 ).
12.
Owen
L. E.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 15 , 150 (1961 ).
13.
Scribner
B. F.
and
Margoshes
M.
, Proceedings IXth Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (GAMS , Paris , 1962 ), pp. 309 –324 .
14.
Neeb
K. H.
and
Gebauhr
W.
, Z. Anal. Chem. 190 , 92 (1962 ).
15.
Margoshes
M.
and
Scribner
B. F.
, J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.) 67A , 561 (1963 ).
16.
Webb
M. S. W.
and
Wildy
P. C.
, Nature (Lond.) 198 , 1218 (1963 ).
17.
Lerner
R.
, Spectrochim. Acta 20 , 1619 (1964 ).
18.
Serin
P. A.
and
Ashton
K. H.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 18 , 166 (1964 ).
19.
Collins
A. G.
and
Pearson
C. A.
, Anal. Chem. , 36 , 787 (1964 ).
20.
Sirois
E. H.
, Anal. Chem. 36 , 2390 (1964 ).
21.
Sirois
E. H.
, Anal. Chem. 36 , 2394 (1964 ).
22.
Greenfield
S.
Jones
I. L.
, and
Berry
C. T.
, Analyst 89 , 713 (1964 ).
23.
Vigler
M. S.
and
Failoni
J. K.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 19 , 57 (1965 ).
24.
Friend
K. E.
and
Diefenderfer
A. J.
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 1763 (1966 ).
25.
Szivek
J.
Jones
C.
Paulson
E. J.
, and
Valberg
L. S.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 22 , 195 (1968 ).
26.
Fagan
A. W.
and
Klein
H. M.
, Anal. Chem. 40 , 2041 (1968 ).
27.
Heemstra
R. J.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 24 , 568 (1970 ).
28.
Chapman
J. F.
Dale
L. S.
, and
Whittem
R. N.
, Analyst 98 , 529 (1973 ).
29.
Maecker
H.
, Z. Naturforsch. 11A , 457 (1956 ).
30.
Riemann
M.
, Z. Anal. Chem. 215 , 407 (1966 ).
31.
Marinkovic
M.
and
Dimitrijevic
B.
, Spectrochim. Acta 23B , 257 (1968 ).
32.
Kliska
M.
and
Marinkovic
M.
, Spectrochim. Acta 25B , 545 (1970 ).
33.
Marinkovic
M.
and
Vickers
T. J.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 25 , 319 (1971 ).
34.
Murdick
D. A.
Jr.
and
Piepmeier
E. H.
, Anal. Chem. 46 , 678 (1974 ).
35.
McGinn
J. H.
, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Ionization Phenomena, Munich, 1961 1 , 967 (1962 ).
36.
Kranz
E.
, in Emissionspektroskopie (Akademie-Verlag , Berlin , 1964 ), pp. 160 –172 .
37.
Kranz
E.
, in Proceedings XIIth Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (Hilger , London , 1965 ), pp. 574 –577 .
38.
Kranz
E.
, in Proceedings XIV Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (Hilger , London , 1968 ), pp. 697 –708 .
39.
Pforr
G.
, in Proceedings XIV Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale (Hilger , London , 1968 ), pp. 687 –695 .
40.
Schirrmeister
H.
, Spectrochim. Acta 23B , 709 (1968 ).
41.
Schirrmeister
H.
, Spectrochim. Acta 24B , 1 (1969 ).
42.
Kranz
E.
, Spectrochim. Acta 27B , 327 (1972 ).
43.
Jahn
R. E.
, Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Ionization Phenomena, Munich, 1961 1 , 955 (1962 ).
44.
Yamamoto
M.
, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 1 , 235 (1962 ).
45.
Yamamoto
M.
, Jap. J. Appl. Phys. 2 , 62 (1963 ).
46.
Goto
H.
and
Atsuya
I.
, Z. Anal. Chem. 225 , 121 (1967 ).
47.
Atsuya
I.
and
Goto
H.
, Spectrochim. Acta 26B , 359 (1971 ).
48.
Elliott
W. G.
, Am. Lab. 3 , 45 (1971 ).
49.
Karacki
S. S.
and
Corcoran
F. L.
Jr.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 27 , 41 (1973 ).
50.
Merchant
P.
Jr.
and
Veillon
C.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 70 , 17 (1974 ).
51.
Valente
S. E.
and
Schrenk
W. G.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 24 , 197 (1970 ).
52.Spectrametrics, Inc. , Model 53000 SpectraJet II Argon Plasma Jet Instruction Manual
53.
Rippetoe
W. E.
Johnson
E. R.
, and
Vickers
T. J.
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 436 (1975 ).
54.
Rippetoe
W. E.
and
Vickers
T. J.
, Anal. Chem. , 47 , 2082 (1975 ).
55.
Reif
I.
Fassel
V. A.
, and
Kniseley
R. N.
, Spectrochim. Acta 28B , 105 (1973 ).
56.
Boumans
P. W. J. M.
, Theory of Spectrochemical Excitation (Plenum , New York , 1966 ), pp. 78ff.
57.
Boumans
P. W. J. M.
, in Analytical Emission Spectroscopy ,
Grove
E. L.
, Ed. (Dekker , New York , 1972 ), Vol. 1 , Part II, pp. 110ff .
58.
Fassel
V. A.
, in XVIth Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale, Plenary Lectures and Reports (Hilger , London , 1972 ), pp. 63 –93 .
59.
Winefordner
J. D.
Fitzgerald
J. J.
, and
Omenetto
N.
, Appl. Spectrosc. 24 , 369 (1975 ).
60.
Boumans
P. W. J. M.
and
DeBoer
F. J.
, Proc. Anal. Div. Chem. Soc. 12 , 140 (1975 ).
61.
Grime
J. K.
and
Vickers
T. J.
, Anal. Chem. 47 , 432 (1975 ).
62.
McCullough
M. R.
and
Vickers
T. J.
, Anal. Chem. 48 , 1006 (1976 ).
63.
Nixon
D. E.
Fassel
V. A.
, and
Kniseley
R. N.
, Anal. Chem. 46 , 210 (1974 ).
64.
Wendt
R. H.
and
Fassel
V. A.
, Anal. Chem. 37 , 920 (1965 ).