The role of the ion-sensitive plate as an ion detector in contemporary mass spectrometers or spectrographs is discussed in this paper. The plates are mainly used in instruments of the Mattauch–Herzog geometry for detecting ions with mass-to-charge ratios from 1 to well over 1000. The energies of the ions detected usually lie in the range from 5 to 75 keV. The type Q2 low-gelatin plate is widely used in both organic structure studies by the electron bombardment method and elemental analysis of metals and inorganics by the spark source method. In addition to detectors with low-gelatin emulsions, those with centrifuged emulsions or vapor deposited films are also used for special applications, as are ion-to-light and ion-to-electron converters.
KoenigsbergerJ. and KutschewskiJ., Physik. Z.11, 666 (1910).
2.
ThomsonJ. J., Rays of Positive Electricity and Their Application to Chemical Analysis (Longmans, Green, London, 1913).
3.
AstonF. W., Mass Spectra and Isotopes (Edward Arnold, London, 1933).
4.
Ilford, Ltd., J. Sci. Instrum.12, 333 (1935).
5.
OwensE. B., in Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Solids, edited by AhearnA. J. (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1966), pp. 56–110.
6.
CavardA., Elude de l'Action des Ions Positefs sur les Emulsions Sensibles en Spectrographie de Masse,” Rept. No. CEA-R-3759, Commissariat a L'Energie Atomique (France) 1969, thesis, Grenoble, December, 1968.
7.
BarkasW. H., Nuclear Research Emulsions (Academic, New York, 1963).
8.
HuntM. H., Anal. Chem.38, 620 (1966).
9.
HonigR. E.WoolstonJ. R., and KramerD. A., Rev. Sci. Instrum.38, 1703 (1967).
10.
McCreaJ. M., Appl. Spectrosc.20, 181 (1966); 21, 305 (1967).
11.
WernerJ. W. and NieuwenhuizenJ. M., Z. Naturforsch.22a, 1035 (1967).
12.
WagnerJ. and BluetherK., German Phys. Soc., Spring Meeting, Wuerzburg, 1965.
13.
Nishyama, Fuji Photographic Co., Int. Conf. Mass Spectrom. Kyoto, 1969.
14.
RudloffW., Z. Naturforsch.17a, 414 (1962).
15.
HigniteC. and BiemannK., Org. Mass Spectrom. 2, 1215 (1969).
16.
MaiH. and WagnerH., J. Sci. Instrum.44, 883 (1967).
17.
McClureR. J., Rev. Sci. Instrum.36, 1246 (1965).
18.
LewisL. G. and HaydenR. J., Rev. Sci. Instrum.19, 599 (1948).
19.
FranzenJ.MaurerK-H., and SchuvK. D., Z. Naturforsch.21a, 37 (1966).
20.
DomeijB.BrownF.DaviesJ. A., and McCargoM., Can. J. Phys.42, 1624 (1964).
21.
VidalG.GalmardP., and LanusseP., Method Phys. Anal. (GAMS)5, 112 (1969).
22.
GraisK. I., Appl. Spectrosc.23, 276, 607 (1969).
23.
GraisK. I., Jap. J. Appl. Phys.8, 293, 953, and 979 (1969).
24.
HonigR. E.WoolstonJ. R., and KramerD. A., Rev. Sci. Instrum.38, 1703 (1967).
25.
WoolstonJ. R.HonigR. E., and BotniekE. M., Rev. Sci. Instrum.38, 1708 (1967).
26.
ChurchillJ. R., Ind. Eng. Chem.16, 653 (1944).
27.
FranzenJ. and SchuyK. D., Z. Naturforseh.21a, 1479 (1966).
28.
McCreaJ. M., in Develop. Appl. Spectrosc.4, 501 (1965).
29.
WagnerH., Ann. Phys.7, 189 (1964).
30.
FranzenJ. and HebedaE., Z. Naturforseh.17a, 470 (1962).
31.
HayesJ. M., Anal. Chem.41, 1966 (1969).
32.
VourosP.DesiderioD. M.LeferinkJ. G., and McCloskeyJ. A., 18th Annu. Conf. Mass Spectrom. Allied Topics, San Francisco, Calif., 14–19 June 1970, Paper O—2.
33.
KennicottP. R., Anal. Chem.37, 313 (1965).
34.
KennicottP. R., Anal. Chem.38, 633 (1966).
35.
CavardA., Advan. Mass Spectrom. 4, 419 (1968).
36.
PaulsenP. J. and MuellerC. W. in Activities of Spectrochemical Analysis Section, July 1968 to June 1969, edited by SchribnerB. F., Nat. Bur. Stand. Tech. Note 502, Washington, D. C. (1969), pp. 56–58.
37.
McCreaJ. M., Appl. Spectrosc.20, 34 (1966).
38.
AhearnA. J., in Recent Developments in Mass Spectroscopy edited by OgataK. and HayakawaT. (Univ. Tokyo Press, Tokyo, 1970), pp. 150–153.
39.
MaiH., J. Sci. Instrum.42, 339 (1965).
40.
MaiH., in Advan. Mass Spectrom. 3, 163 (1966).
41.
AddinkN. W., Nature211, 1168 (1966).
42.
AhearnA. J. and MalmD. L., Appl. Spectrosc.20, 411 (1966).
43.
HergtR. and WagnerH., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys.4, 113 (1970).
44.
HergtR. and WagnerH., Int. J. Mass Spectrom. Ion Phys.4, 113 (1970).
