Abstract
An over-all view of the solution luminescence of metal complexes is given. The three major classes of emission are examined in moderate detail including brief discussions of theoretical considerations. These are attuned to the problem of predicting which metal ion—ligand combinations should form luminescent compounds. Finally, the elements are covered group by group and as many examples of emitting compounds are given as possible.
Keywords
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Pringsheim
P.
, Fluorescence and Phosphorescence (Interscience Publishers, Inc. , New York , 1949 ).
2.
Wehry
E. L.
, in Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Analysis ,
Hercules
D. M.
, Ed., (Interscience Publishers, Inc. , New York , 1966 ).
3.
Lytle
F. E.
and
Hercules
D. M.
, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91 , 253 (1969 ).
4.
Ohnesorge
W. E.
and
Rogers
L. B.
, Spectrochim. Acta 14 , 27 (1959 ).
5.
Blyum
I. A.
and
Pavlova
N. N.
, Zh. Anal. Khim. 20 , 898 (1965 ).
6.
Parker
C. A.
, Photoluminescence of Solutions (Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc. , New York , 1968 ).
7.
Crosby
G. A.
, J. Chim. Phys. 64 , 160 (1967 ).
8.
Paris
J. P.
, Studies on Molecular Electronic Transitions (Thesis, Purdue University , Lafayette, Indiana , 1960 ).
9.
Korenman
I. M.
and
Efimychev
V. S.
, J. Anal. Chem. USSR 17 , 426 (1962 ).
10.
Stoylarov
K. P.
and
Drobachenko
A. V.
, Vestn. Leningr. Univ. 20 (10 ), Ser. Fiz. Khim. No. 2, 120 (1965 ); from C. A. 63:7641d.
11.
Kirkbright
G. F.
West
T. S.
, and
Woodward
C.
, Anal. Chem. 37 , 137 (1965 ).
12.
Crosby
G. A.
Whan
R. E.
, and
Alire
R. M.
, J. Chem. Phys. 34 , 743 (1961 ).
13.
White
C. E.
and
Weissler
A.
, Anal. Chem. 40 , 116R (1968 ).
14.
DeArmond
K.
and
Forster
L. S.
, Spectrochim. Acta 19 , 1403 (1963 ).
15.
Klassen
D. M.
and
Crosby
G. A.
, J. Mol. Spectry. 25 , 398 (1968 ).
16.
Fink
D. W.
and
Ohnesorge
W. E.
, Anal. Chem. 41 , 39 (1969 ).
17.
Brandt
W. W.
Dwyer
F. P.
, and
Gyarfas
E. C.
, Chem. Rev. 54 , 959 (1954 ).
18.
Ohnesorge
W. E.
, in Ref. 2.
19.
Stevens
H. M.
, Anal. Chem. Acta 20 , 389 (1959 ).
20.
Ohnesorge
W. E.
, thesis , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Mass. , 1956 .
21.
Latimer
W. M.
, Oxidation Potentials (Prentice—Hall Inc. , Englewood Cliffs, N. J. , 1952 ), 2nd ed.
22.
Whan
R. E.
and
Crosby
G. A.
, J. Mol. Spectry. 8 , 315 (1962 ).
23.
Zuloaga
F.
and
Kasha
M.
, Photochem. Photobiol. 7 , 549 (1968 ).
24.
Pitts
A. E.
and
Ryan
D. E.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 37 , 460 (1967 ).
25.
Passwater
R. A.
, Fluorescence News 2 (2 ), 6 (1967 ).
26.
Budesinsky
B.
and
West
T. S.
, Talanta 16 , 399 (1969 ).
27.
Ashton
A. A.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 35 , 543 (1966 ).
28.
Dagnall
R. M.
Smith
R.
, and
West
T. S.
, Analyst 92 , 20 (1967 ).
29.
White
C. E.
McFarlane
H. C. E.
Fogt
J.
, and
Fuchs
R.
, Anal. Chem. 39 , 367 (1967 ).
30.
Holzbecher
Z.
, Microchem. J. 9 , 288 (1965 ).
31.
Kirkbright
G. F.
Saw
C. G.
, and
West
T. S.
, Talanta 16 , 65 (1969 ).
32.
Steffer
G.
and
Sommermeyer
K.
, Biophysik 5 , 192 (1968 ).
33.
Ivanova
N. I.
and
Tarasolva
L. I.
, Opt. Spektosk. 23 , 242 (1967 ).
34.
Curtice
R. E.
and
Scott
A. B.
, Inorg. Chem. 3 , 1383 (1964 ).
35.
Nazarenko
V. A.
and
Antonvich
V. P.
, Zh. Anal. Khim. 22 , 1812 (1967 ).
36.
Kirkbright
G. F.
West
T. S.
, and
Woodward
C.
, Analyst 91 , 23 (1966 ).
37.
Kirkbright
G. F.
West
T. S.
, and
Woodward
C.
, Analyst 91 , 1637 (1966 ).
38.
Bottei
R. S.
and
Trusk
Br. A.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 37 , 405 (1967 ).
39.
Jensen
R. E.
and
Pflaum
R. T.
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 1268 (1966 ).
40.
Anderson
P. D.
and
Hercules
D. M.
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 1702 (1966 ).
41.
Ryan
D. E.
Pitts
A. E.
, and
Cassidy
R. M.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 34 , 491 (1966 ).
42.
Klassen
D. M.
and
Crosby
G. A.
, J. Chem. Phys. 48 , 1853 (1968 ).
43.
Lytle
F. E.
and
Wolters
J.
(unpublished studies).
44.
Crosby
G. A.
and
Carstens
D. H. W.
, Mol. Lumin. Int. Conf. ,
Lim
E. C.
, Ed. (Benjamin , New York , 1968 ), p. 309 .
45.
Wunschel
K. R.
and
Ohnesorge
W. E.
, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89 , 2777 (1967 ).
46.
Mingardi
M.
and
Porter
G. B.
, Spectry. Letters 1 , 293 (1968 ).
47.
Fink
D. W.
and
Ohnesorge
W. E.
, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 91 , 4995 (1969 ).
48.
Buric
I. D.
Velusevic
K.
, and
Nikolic
K.
, Fiz. 1 , 81 (1968 ).
49.
Ryan
D. E.
and
Pal
B. K.
, Anal. Chim. Acta 44 , 385 (1969 ).
50.
Durham
D. A.
Frost
G. H.
, and
Hart
F. A.
, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 31 , 833 (1969 ).
51.
Miller
W. V.
and
Madan
S. K.
, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 31 , 1427 (1969 ).
52.
Stanely
E. C.
Kinneberg
B. I.
, and
Varga
L. P.
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 1362 (1966 ).
53.
Alberti
G.
and
Massucci
M. A.
, Anal. Chem. 38 , 214 (1966 ).
54.
Sinha
S. P.
, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem. 28 , 189 (1966 ).
55.
Taketatsu
T.
Corey
M. A.
, and
Banks
C. V.
, Talanta 13 , 1081 (1966 ).
56.
Nugent
L. J.
, J. Phys. Chem. 73 , 1540 (1969 ).
57.
Polnektov
N. S.
and
Kirillov
A. I.
, Opt. Spectrosk. 23 , 762 (1967 ).
58.
Klick
C. C.
and
Schulman
J. H.
, Solid State Physics ,
Seitz
F.
and
Turnbull
D.
, Eds. (Academic Press Inc. , New York , 1957 ), Vol. 5 .
59.
Schnepp
O.
, in Annual Reviews of Physical Chemistry ,
Eyring
H.
,
Christensen
C. J.
, and
Johnson
H. S.
, Eds. (Annual Reviews, Inc. , Palo Alto, California , 1963 ), Vol. 14 .
60.
Peterson
G. E.
in Transition Metal Chemistry ,
Carlson
R. L.
, Ed. (Marcel Dekker, Inc. , New York , 1966 ), Vol. 3 .
61.
Wehry
E. L.
, Quarterly Rev. 213 (1967 ).
62.
Lytle
F. E.
and
Hercules
D. M.
, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 83 , 4745 (1966 ).
