Abstract
The operating characteristics of a pulsed (10 ns) tunable near-infrared (NIR) laser source are described for temperature-jump (T-jump) applications. A Q-switched Nd:YLF laser (∼10 ns pulses) with a 1 kHz repetition rate is used to pump a potassium titanyl arsenate (KTA) crystal-based optical parametric oscillator (OPO), producing ∼1 mJ NIR pulses that are tunable (1.80–2.05 μm) across the 1.9 μm vibrational overtone band of water. This T-jump source has been coupled to a deep ultraviolet (UV) probe laser for Raman studies of protein dynamics. T-jumps of up to 30 °C, as measured via the O–H stretching Raman band of water, are readily achieved. Application to cytochrome c unfolding is demonstrated.
Keywords
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Roder
H.
Maki
K.
Cheng
H.
and
Shastry
M. C. R
, Methods 34 , 15 (2004 ).
2.
Chan
C. K.
Hu
Y.
Takahashi
S.
Rousseau
D. L.
Eaton
W. A.
and
Hofrichter
J
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 , 1779 (1997 ).
3.
Takahashi
S.
Yeh
S. R.
Das
T. K.
Chan
C. K.
Gottfried
D. S.
and
Rousseau
D. L
, Nat. Struct. Biol. 4 , 44 (1997 ).
4.
Yeh
S. R.
Han
S. W.
and
Rousseau
D. L
, Acc. Chem. Res. 31 , 727 (1998 ).
5.
Myers
J. K.
and
Oas
T. G
, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 71 , 783 (2002 ).
6.
Beitz
J. V.
Flynn
G. W.
Turner
D. H.
and
Sutin
N
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 92 , 4130 (1970 ).
7.
Ballew
R. M.
Sabelko
J.
and
Gruebele
M
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 , 5759 (1996 ).
8.
Ballew
R. M.
Sabelko
J.
Reiner
C.
and
Gruebele
M
, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67 , 3694 (1996 ).
9.
Snow
C. D.
Qiu
L. L.
Du
D. G.
Gai
F.
Hagen
S. J.
and
Pande
V. S
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 101 , 4077 (2004 ).
10.
Ervin
J.
Sabelko
J.
and
Gruebele
M
, J. Photchem. Photobiol. B 54 , 1 (2000 ).
11.
Hagen
S. J.
and
Eaton
W. A
, J. Mol. Biol. 301 , 1019 (2000 ).
12.
Thompson
P. A.
Eaton
W. A.
and
Hofrichter
J
, Biochemistry 36 , 9200 (1997 ).
13.
Rigler
R.
Rabl
C. R.
and
Jovin
T. M
, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 45 , 580 (1974 ).
14.
Huang
C. Y.
Klemke
J. W.
Getahun
Z.
DeGrado
W. F.
and
Gai
F
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123 , 9235 (2001 ).
15.
Colley
C. S.
Clark
I. P.
Griffiths-Jones
S. R.
George
M. W.
and
Searle
M. S
, Chem. Commun. , 1493 (2000 ).
16.
Gulotta
M.
Rogatsky
E.
Callender
R. H.
and
Dyer
R. B
, Biophys. J. 84 , 1909 (2003 ).
17.
Reinstadler
D.
Fabian
H.
Backmann
J.
and
Naumann
D
, Biochemistry 35 , 15822 (1996 ).
18.
Gilmanshin
R.
Williams
S.
Callender
R. H.
Woodruff
W. H.
and
Dyer
R. B
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94 , 3709 (1997 ).
19.
Williams
S.
Causgrove
T. P.
Gilmanshin
R.
Fang
K. S.
Callender
R. H.
Woodruff
W. H.
and
Dyer
R. B
, Biochemistry 35 , 691 (1996 ).
20.
Dyer
R. B.
Gai
F.
and
Woodruff
W. H
, Acc. Chem. Res. 31 , 709 (1998 ).
21.
Lednev
I. K.
Karnoup
A. S.
Sparrow
M. C.
and
Asher
S. A
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 121 , 4076 (1999 ).
22.
Yamamoto
K.
Mizutani
Y.
and
Kitagawa
T
, Appl. Spectrosc. 54 , 1591 (2000 ).
23.
Huang
C. Y.
Balakrishnan
G.
and
Spiro
T. G
, Biochemistry 44 , 15734 (2005 ).
24.
Jiji
R. D.
Balakrishnan
G.
Hu
Y.
and
Spiro
T. G
, Biochemistry 45 , 34 (2006 ).
25.
Asher
S. A.
, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 39 , 537 (1988 ).
26.
Kitagawa
T.
, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 58 , 1 (1992 ).
27.
Austin
J. C.
Rodgers
K. R.
and
Spiro
T. G
, Method Enzymol. 226 , 374 (1993 ).
28.
Phillips
C. M.
Mizutani
Y.
and
Hochstrasser
R. M
, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 , 7292 (1995 ).
29.
Peng
X. Y.
Xu
L.
and
Asundi
A
, IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 41 , 53 (2005 ).
30.
Balakrishnan
G.
Hu
Y.
Nielsen
S. B.
and
Spiro
T. G
, Appl. Spectrosc. 59 , 776 (2005 ).
31.
Zhao
X. J.
Tengroth
C.
Chen
R. P.
Simpson
W. R.
and
Spiro
T. G
, J. Raman Spectrosc. 30 , 773 (1999 ).
32.
Wieliczka
D. M.
Weng
S. S.
and
Querry
M. R
, Appl. Opt. 28 , 1714 (1989 ).
33.
Flynn
G. W.
and
Norman
S
, Kinetic Studies of Very Rapid Chemical Reactions (Academic Press , New York , 1974 ), vol. 1 .
34.
Hale
G. M.
and
Querry
M. R
, Appl. Opt. 12 , 555 (1973 ).
35.
Kou
L. H.
Labrie
D.
and
Chylek
P
, Appl. Opt. 32 , 3531 (1993 ).
36.
Walrafen
G. E.
Fisher
M. R.
Hokmabadi
M. S.
and
Yang
W. H
, J. Chem. Phys. 85 , 6970 (1986 ).
37.
Johnson
C. R.
Ludwig
M.
and
Asher
S. A
, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 108 , 905 (1986 ).
38.
Chang
S.
Yang
W.
and
Spiro
T. G
, J. Raman Spectrosc. 21 , 435 (1990 ).