Determination of Chromium in Human Lung Fibroblast Cells Using a Large Bore—Direct Injection High-Efficiency Nebulizer with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

Abstract

A novel method for the determination of chromium in suspensions of human lung fibroblast cells is described by using a large bore–direct injection high efficiency nebulizer (LB-DIHEN) with micro-scale flow injection analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Chromium(VI)-treated cells were first counted and then suspended in a phosphate buffer saline solution. With the use of the method of standard additions, the relative concentration of Cr in ∼ 100 HLF cells/peak was determined at m/z = 50. Because the cells tend to clump and can yield inhomogeneities in the total number analyzed, Mg was used as an internal standard to compensate for the total cell mass. The level of Cr in HLF cells grown in a medium of 100 μM Na₂CrO₄ for two hours is on the order of 180 fg Cr/cell after correction for the number of cells in each injection.

Keywords

Large bore–direct injection high efficiency nebulizer Flow injection analysis Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry Chromium Cells Human lung fibroblasts

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Langard

, Am. J. Ind. Med. 17, 189 (1990).

Snow

E. T.

, Pharmacol. Ther. 53, 31 (1992).

Goyer

R. A.

and Cherian

M. G

, “Toxicology of Metals: Biochemical Aspects”, in Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1995), vol. 115.

Singh

Carlisle

D. L.

Pritchard

D. E.

and Patierno

S. R

, Oncology Reports 5, 1307 (1998).

Singh

McLean

J. A.

Pritchard

D. E.

Montaser

and Patierno

S. R

, Toxicol. Sci. 46, 220 (1998).

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1998).

Inductively Coupled Plasmas in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Montaser

and Golightly

D. W

, Eds. (Wiley–VCH, New York, 1992), 2nd ed.

Montaser

Minnich

M. G.

McLean

J. A.

Liu

Caruso

J. A.

and McLeod

C. W

, “Sample Introduction in ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1998), Chap. 3.

McLean

J. A.

Minnich

M. G.

Iacone

L. A.

Liu

and Montaser

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 13, 829 (1998).

10.

McLean

J. A.

Zhang

and Montaser

, Anal. Chem. 70, 1012 (1998).

11.

Wang

Houk

R. S.

Dressen

and Wiederin

D. R

, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 120, 5793 (1998).

12.

Singh

Pritchard

D. E.

Carlisle

D. L.

McLean

J. A.

Montaser

Orenstein

J. M.

and Patierno

S. R

, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 161, 240 (1999).

13.

Siethoff

Feldmann

Jakubowski

and Linscheid

, J. Mass Spectrom. 34, 421 (1999).

14.

Hannis

J. C.

and Muddiman

D. C

, Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 13, 323 (1999).

15.

Hanada

Isobe

Saito

Ogura

Takekawa

Yamazaki

Tokuchi

and Kawakami

, Cancer 83, 930 (1998).

16.

Becker

J. S.

Dietze

H.-J.

McLean

J. A.

and Montaser

, Anal. Chem. 71, 3077 (1999).

17.

Acon

B. W.

McLean

J. A.

and Montaser

, Anal. Chem. 72, 1885 (2000).

18.

IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk to Humans: Chromium, Nickel and Welding, (IARC, Lyon, France, 1990), vol. 49.

19.

Freshney

R. I.

, Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Technique (Wiley–Liss, New York, 1994), 3rd ed.

20.

Sambrook

Fritsch

E. F.

and Maniatis

, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, 1989), 2nd ed.

21.

Douglas

D. J.

, Can. J. Spectrosc. 34, 38 (1989).

22.

Rowan

J. T.

, MS Thesis, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa (1988).

23.

Rowan

J. T.

and Houk

R. S

, Appl. Spectrosc. 43, 976 (1989).

24.

Tanner

S. D.

and Baranov

V. I

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 45 (1999).

25.

Völlkopf

Klemm

and Pflüger

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 53 (1999).

26.

Bollinger

D. S.

and Schleisman

A. J

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 60 (1999).

27.

Neubauer

and Völlkopf

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 64 (1999).

28.

Bandura

D. R.

and Tanner

S. D

, At. Spectrosc. 20, 69 (1999).

29.

Baranov

V. I.

and Tanner

S. D

, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 14, 1133 (1999).

30.

Turner

P. J.

Mills

D. J.

Schröder

Lapitajs

Jung

Iacone

L. A.

Haydar

D. A.

and Montaser

, “Instrumentation for Low- and High-Resolution ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1998), Chap. 6.

31.

Myers

D. P.

and Hieftje

G. M

, Microchem. J. 48, 259 (1993).

32.

Myers

D. P.

Mahoney

P. P.

and Hieftje

G. M

, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 5, 1008 (1994).

33.

Myers

D. P.

Mahoney

P. P.

and Hieftje

G. M

, J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 6, 400 (1995).

34.

Horlick

and Montaser

, “Analytical Characteristics of ICPMS”, in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, Montaser

, Ed. (Wiley, New York, 1998), Chap. 7.

35.

Van Veen

E. H.

Bosch

and De Loos-Vollebregt

M. T. C

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 49, 1347 (1994).

36.

Van Veen

E. H.

Bosch

and De Loos-Vollebregt

M. T. C

, Spectrochim. Acta, Part B 51, 591 (1996).

37.

Van Veen

E. H.

and De Loos-Vollebregt

M. T. C

, Spec. Publ. - R. Soc. Chem. (Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry) 202, 77 (1997).

38.

CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Lide

D. R.

, Ed. (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1995).

39.

Singh

Pritchard

D. E.

Carlisle

D. L.

McLean

J. A.

Acon

B. W.

Montaser

and Patierno

S. R

, “Chromium (VI) Induces Oxygen-Dependent Cellular Oxidative Stress”, 1999 (in preparation).