This paper provides a brief review and critique of the procedural fairness conception of police legitimacy. It is argued that the theoretical framework is too limited to constitute the basis for any overall legitimacy-based model of policing. Rather, its potential stands to be greatly enhanced if it incorporates other crucial variables such as the role of police self-legitimating activities in shaping police treatment of the public, and the contexts in which procedural fairness and outcome issues are singularly or collectively influential. It is also argued that, while it is well and good if procedural fairness enhances the quality of public compliance and cooperation with the police, it is unhealthy if procedural fairness is taken seriously only for its utilitarian value. Procedural fairness, and by extension police legitimacy, must be pursued as something of intrinsic value, a good in and of itself; treating people fairly should not be an issue of choice contingent simply on demonstrable evidence of the facilitation of the task of the police in maintaining order.
AlagappaM. (1995). Anatomy of Legitimacy. In AlagappaM. (Ed.), Political Legitimacy in South East Asia: The Quest for Moral Authority (pp. 11–30). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2.
ArcherM. S. (2000). Being Human: The Problem of Agency. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
3.
BarbaletJ. (2001). Emotions, Social Theory and Social Structure: A Macrosociological Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4.
BeethamD. (1991) The Legitimation of Power. London: Macmillan.
5.
BergsethK. J.BouffardJ. A. (2007). The long-term impact of restorative justice programming for juvenile offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice, 34(5), 433–451.
6.
BraithwaiteJ. (2002). Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. New York: Oxford University Press.
7.
CarrabineE. (2004). Power, Discourse and Resistance. Aldershot: Ashgate.
8.
ChanJ. B. L. (1997). Changing Police Culture: Policing in a Multicultural Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9.
CoupeT.GriffithsM. (1999). The Influence of Police Actions on Victim Satisfaction in Burglary Investigations. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 6(2), 413–431.
10.
CrankJ. P. (2004). Understanding Police Culture (2nd ed.). Cincinnati: Anderson.
11.
DalyK. (2003). Mind the Gap: Restorative Justice in Theory and Practice. In von HirschA.RobertsJ. V.BottomsA. E. (Eds.), Restorative Justice and Criminal Justice: Competing or Reconcilable Paradigms (pp. 219–236). Oxford and Portland, OR: Hart Publishing.
12.
FitzgeraldM.HoughM.JosephI.QuershiT. (2002). Policing For London. Cullompton, Devon: Willan Publishing.
13.
FoxD. (1993). Psychological Jurisprudence and Radical Social Change. American Psychologist, 23(1), 234–241.
14.
GibsonJ. L.CaldeiraG. A. (1998). Changes in the legitimacy of the European Court of Justice: A Post-Maastricht Analysis. British Journal of Political Science, 28(1), 63–91.
15.
HerbertS. (2006). Tangled Up in Blue: Conflicting Paths to Police Legitimacy. Theoretical Criminology, 10(4), 481–504.
16.
HickmanL. J.SimpsonS. S. (2003). Fair Treatment or Preferred Outcome? The Impact of Police Behaviour on Victim Reports of Domestic Violence Incidents. Law and Society Review, 37(3), 607–634.
17.
HindsL.MurphyK. (2007). Public Satisfaction with Police: Using Procedural Justice to Improve Police Legitimacy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40(1), 27–43.
18.
HoggM. A.VaughanG. M. (2005). Social Psychology (4th ed.). Harlow: Prentice-Hall.
19.
KitzmannK. M.EmeryR. E. (1993). Procedural Justice and Parents' Satisfaction in a Field Study of Child Custody Dispute Resolution. Law and Human Behaviour, 17(5), 553–567.
20.
LaFreeG. (2007). Expanding Criminology's Domain: The American Society of Criminology 2006 Presidential Address. Criminology, 45(1), 1–32.
21.
LindE. A.TylerT. R. (1988). The Social Psychology of Procedural Justice. New York: Plenum.
22.
ManningP. K. (2003). Policing Contingencies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
23.
PaternosterR.BrameR.BachmanR.ShermanL. (1997). Do Fair Procedures Matter? The Effects of Procedural Justice on Spousal Assault. Law and Society Review, 31(1), 163–204.
24.
ReinerR. (2000). The Politics of the Police. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
25.
SeidersK.BerryL. L. (1998). Service Fairness: What it is and Why it Matters. Academy of Management Executive, 12, 8–20.
26.
ShearingC. D.EricsonR. V. (1991). Culture as Figurative Action. British Journal of Sociology, 42(4), 481–506.
27.
ShermanL. W. (2002). Trust and Confidence in the Criminal Justice System. National Institute of Justice Journal, 248, 23–31.
28.
ShermanL. W.StrangH. (2007). Restorative Justice: The Evidence. London: The Smith Institute.
29.
SkarlickiD. P.FolgerR. (1997). Retaliation in the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive, Procedural, and Interactional Justice. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(3), 434–443.
30.
SkolnickJ. (1994). Justice Without Trial: Law Enforcement in a Democratic Society. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
31.
SmithD. J. (1983). Police and People in London: Vol. 1. A Survey of Londoners. London: Policy Studies Institute.
32.
SparksJ. R.BottomsA. E. (1995). Legitimacy and Order in Prisons. British Journal of Sociology, 46(1), 45–62.
33.
SparksR.BottomsA. E. (2007). Legitimacy and Imprisonment Revisited: Some Notes on the Problem of Order Ten Years After. In ByrneJ. M.HummerD.TaxmanF. S. (Eds.), The Culture of Prison Violence (pp. 91–104). Boston: Pearson.
34.
SparksJ. R.BottomsA. E.HayW. (1996). The Prisons and the Problem of Order. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
35.
SunshineJ.TylerT. R. (2003). The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing’, Law and Society Review, 37(3), 513–548.
36.
TankebeJ. (2007). Policing and Legitimacy in a Post-Colonial Democracy: A Theoretical and Empirical Study of Ghana. Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge.
37.
TankebeJ. (2008). Colonialism, Legitimation, and Policing in Ghana. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 36(1), 67–84.
38.
TerrillW.MastrofskiS. D. (2002). Situational and Officer-Based Determinants of Police Coercion. Justice Quarterly, 19, 215–248.
39.
ThibautJ.WalkerL. (1975). Procedural Justice: A Psychological Analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
40.
TylerT. R. (1989). The Psychology of Procedural Justice: A Test of the Group-Value Model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(5), 830–838.
41.
TylerT. R. (1990a). Why People Obey the Law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
42.
TylerT. R. (1990b). Justice, Self-interest, and the Legitimacy of Legal and Political Authority. In MansbridgeJ. J. (Ed.), Beyond Self-Interest (pp. 171–182). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
43.
TylerT. R. (2003). Procedural Justice, Legitimacy and the Effective Rule of Law. In TonryM. (Ed.), Crime and Justice: Review of Research (pp. 283–357). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
44.
TylerT. R. (2006). Psychological Perspectives on Legitimacy and Legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57(1), 375–400.
45.
TylerT. R.BladerS. L. (2000). Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, And Behavioural Engagement. Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
46.
TylerT. R.DegoeyP.SmithH. J. (1996). Understanding Why the Justice of Group Procedures Matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 913–930.
47.
TylerT. R.HuoY. J. (2002). Trust in the Law: Encouraging Public Cooperation with the Police and Courts. New York: Russell-Sage Foundation.
48.
TylerT. R.LindE. A. (1992). A Relational Model of Authority in Groups. In ZannaM. (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 115–191). New York: Academic Press.
49.
TylerT. R.LindE. A. (2001). Procedural Justice. In SandersJ.HamiltonV. L. (Eds.), Handbook of Justice Research in Law (pp. 65–92). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
50.
TylerT. R.RasinskiK. A.McGrawK. (1985) The Influence of Perceived Injustice on Support for Political Authorities. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 15(8), 700–725.
51.
WaddingtonP. A. (1999). Police (Canteen) Culture: Appreciation. British Journal of Criminology, 39(2), 286–308.
52.
WordenR. E. (1989). Situational and Attitudinal Explanations of Police Behaviour: A Theoretical Reappraisal. Law and Society Review, 23(4), 667–726.
53.
YoungT. R. (1990). The Drama of Social Life: Essays in Post-Modern Social Psychology. New Brunswick, NJ: Transactions Publishers.
