Suspicion is an understudied factor in police discretionary decision-making. This study presents an analysis of traffic stop data from Louisville, KY that focuses upon factors that led police officers to note that they had ‘pre-existing knowledge’ about certain persons who were stopped. Factors related to this designation with specific emphasis upon race are considered.
AlpertG.MacdonaldJ. M.DunhamR. G. (2005). Police suspicion and discretionary decision making during citizen stops. Criminology, 43, 407–434.
2.
BergerP. L.LuckmannT. (1966). The social construction of reality. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
3.
BittnerE. (1991). The functions of police in modern society. In KlockarsC. B.MastrofskiS. D. (Eds.), Thinking about police: Contemporary readings (pp. 35–351). New York: McGraw-Hill.
4.
BlackD. (1980). The manners and customs of the police. New York: Academic Press.
5.
CrankJ. P. (2004). Understanding police culture. Conklin, NY: Anderson.
6.
DixonD.BottomleyA. K.ColemanC. A.GillM.WallD. (1989). Reality and rules in the construction and regulation of police suspicion. International Journal of the Sociology of Law, 17, 185–206.
7.
GainesL. K. (2006). An analysis of traffic stop data in Riverside, California. Police Quarterly, 9, 210–233.
8.
GoldsteinH. (1977). Policing a free society. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
9.
LichtenbergI. (2006). Driving while black (DWB): Examining race as a tool in the war on drugs. Police Practice and Research, 7, 49–60.
10.
MeehanA. J.PonderM. (2002a). How roadway composition matters in analyzing police data on racial profiling. Police Quarterly, 5, 306–333.
11.
MeehanA. J.PonderM. C. (2002b). Race and place: The ecology of racial profiling African American motorists. Justice Quarterly, 19, 399–430.
12.
NovakK. J. (2004). Disparity and racial profiling in traffic enforcement. Police Quarterly, 7, 65–96.
13.
ReissA. J.Jr. (1967). The police and the public. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
14.
RojekJ.RosenfeldR.DeckerS. (2004). The influence of drivers' race on traffic stops in Missouri. Police Quarterly, 7, 126–147.
15.
RubensteinJ. (1973). City police. New York: Ferrar, Strauss and Giroux.
16.
SchaferJ. A.CarterD. L.Katz-BannisterA. J.WellsW. (2006). Decision making in traffic stop encounters: A multivariate analysis of police behavior. Police Quarterly, 9, 184–209.
17.
SilbermanC. E. (1978). Criminal violence, criminal justice. New York: Random House.
18.
SkolnickJ. H. (1966). Justice without trial. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
19.
SmithM. R.PetrocelliM. (2001). Racial profiling? A multivariate analysis of police traffic stop data. Police Quarterly, 4, 4–27.
20.
SmithM. R.MakariosM.AlpertG. P. (2006). Differential suspicion: Theory specification and gender effects in the traffic stop context. Justice Quarterly, 23, 271–295.
21.
van MaanenJ. (1978). The asshole. In ManningP. K.van MaanenJ. (Eds.), Policing: A view from the street (pp. 215–220). Santa Monica, CA: Goodyear.
22.
WalshW. F.DonovanE. (1990). Supervising police personnel: A performance based approach. Dubuque, IO: Kendall Hunt Publications.
23.
WilsonJ. Q. (1968). Varieties of police behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24.
WilsonJ. Q.KellingG. L. (1982). Broken windows: Police and neighborhood safety. Atlantic Monthly, 249, 29–38.
25.
WithrowB. L. (2004a). Driving while different: A potential theoretical explanation for race-based policing. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 15, 344–365.
26.
WithrowB. L. (2004b). Race-based policing: A descriptive analysis of the Wichita stop study. Police Practice & Research, 5, 223–240.