Mortality and Religion/Spirituality: A Brief Review of the Research

Strawbridge WJ Cohen RD Shema MS Kaplan GA . Frequent attendance at religious services and mortality over 28 years. Am J Pub Health 1997;87: 957–61.

Oman D Reed D . Religion and mortality among the community-dwelling elderly. Am J Pub Health 1998;88: 1469–75.

Koenig HG Hays JC Larson DB George LK Cohen HJ McCullough ME Does religious attendance prolong survival? A six-year follow-up study of 3,968 older adults. J Gerontol 1999;54A(7): M370–6.

McCullough ME Larson DB Hoyt WT Koenig HG Thoresen C . Religious involvement and mortality: A meta-analytic review. Health Psychology 2000;19: 211–22.

Goldbourt U Yaari S Medalie JH . Factors predictive of long-term coronary heart disease mortality among 10 059 male Israeli civil servants and municipal employees. Cardiology 1993;82: 100–21.

Kark JD Shemi G Friedlander Y Martin O Manor O Blondheim SH . Does religious observance promote health? Mortality in secular vs. religious kibbutzim in Israel. Am J Pub Health 1996;86: 341–6.

Koenig HG Larson DB Hays JC McCullough ME George LK Branch PS Religion and survival of 1010 male veterans hospitalized with medical illness. J Religion Health 1998;37: 15–29.

Pargament KI Koenig HG Tarakeshwar N Hahn J . Religious struggle as a predictor of mortality among medically ill elderly patients: A two-year longitudinal study. Arch Intern Med 2001;161: 1881–5.

Asser SM Swan R . Child fatalities from religion-motivated medical neglect. Pediatrics 1998;101: 625–9.

McCullough ME . Religious involvement and mortality: Answers and more questions. In: Plante TG Sherman AC , eds. Faith and health: Psychological perspectives. New York: Guilford Press, 2001.

Gallup GH . Religion in America: 1992–1993. Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization, 1993.

Gallup GH . Religion in America:1996. Princeton, NJ: The Gallup Organization, 1996.

McCullough ME Snyder CR . Classical sources of human strength. J Soc Clin Psychology 2000;19: 1–159.

Koenig HG McCullough ME Larson DB . Handbook of religion and health. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Comstock GW Partridge KB . Church attendance and health. J Chronic Dis 1972;25: 665–72.

Kinsey AC Pomeroy WB Martin CE Gebhard PH . Sexual behavior in the human female. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1953.

Strawbridge WJ Shema SJ Cohen RD Kaplan GA . Religious attendance increases survival by improving and maintaining good health behaviors, mental health, and social relationships. Ann Behavioral Med 2001;23: 68–74.

Comstock GW Tonascia JA . Education and mortality in Washington County, Maryland. J Health Social Behav 1977;18: 54–61.

Idler EL Kasl SV . Religion among disabled and non-disabled persons: Cross-sectional patterns in health practices, social activities, and well being I. J Gerontol Soc Sci 1997;52B:S294–305.

Idler EL Kasl SV . Religion among disabled and non-disabled persons: Cross-sectional patterns in health practices, social activities, and well being II. J Gerontol Soc Sci 1997;52B:S306–16.

Koenig HG Larson DB Larson SS . Religion and coping with serious medical illness. Ann Pharmocother 2001;35: 352–8.

Sloan RP Bagiella E Powell T . Without a prayer. In: Plante TG Sherman AC , eds. Faith and health, New York: Guilford Press, 2001:343.

Berkman L Syme L . Social networks, host resistance, and mortality: A nine-year follow-up study of Alameda County residents. Am J Epidemiol 1979;109: 186–204.

House JS Robbins C Metzner HL . The association of social relationships and activities with mortality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116: 123–40.

Zuckerman DM Kasl SV Ostfeld AM . Psychosocial predictors of mortality among the elderly poor. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119: 410–23.

Sloan RP Bagiella E Powell T . Religion, spirituality, and medicine. Lancet 1999;353: 664–7.

Idler EL . Cohesiveness and coherence: religion and the health of the elderly. New York: Garland Publishing, 1994.

Hummer RA Rogers RG Nam CB Ellison CG . Religious involvement and US adult mortality. Demography 1999;36(2):1–13.

Oxman TE Freeman DH Manheimer ED . Lack of social participation or religious strength and comfort as risk factors for death after cardiac surgery in the elderly. Psychosom Med 1995;57: 5–15.

Fitchett G Rybarczyk BD DeMarco GA Nichols JJ . The role of religion in medical rehabilitation outcomes: A longitudinal study. Rehab Psychol 1999;44: 1–22.

Lo B Quill T Tulsky J , for the American College of Physicians—American Society of Internal Medicine End-of-Life Care Consensus Panel. Discussing palliative care with patients. Ann Intern Med 1999;130: 744–9.

Post SG Puchalski CM Larson DB . Physicians and patient spirituality: Professional boundaries, competency, and ethics. Ann Intern Med 2000;132: 578–83.

Simpson WF . Comparative longevity in a college cohort of Christian scientists. JAMA 1989;262: 1657–8.

Kaunitz AM Spence C Danielson TS Rochat RW Grimes DA . Perinatal and maternal mortality in a religious group avoiding obstetric care. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1984;150: 826–31.