Clinical and Economic Impact of Intra- and Postoperative Use of Opioids and Analgesic Devices

American Pain Society. APS decade of pain initiatives. http://www.ampainsoc.org/decadeofpain/. Accessed February 3, 2011.

Hamdy R.C. The decade of pain control and research. South Med J. 2001; 94(8): 753–754.

Boswell M.V. , Giordano J. Reflection, analysis and change: the decade of pain control and research and its lessons for the future of pain management. Pain Physician. 2009; 12: 923–928.

Apfelbaum J.L. , Chen C. , Mehta S.S. , Gan T.J. Postoperative pain experience: results from a national survey suggest postoperative pain continues to be undermanaged. Anesth Analg. 2003; 97: 534–540.

Chemin T. Painkillers and pill popping. Drug Top. 2001; 15: 31. http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/PainManagement/ArticleStandard/article/detail/118858. Accessed January 4, 2011.

Viscusi E.R. New and emerging treatment options for acute postoperative pain in the inpatient setting: barriers to effective pain management. Medscape Pharmacists. http://www.medscape.org/viewarticle/713472_2. Accessed January 4, 2011.

Carroll N.V. , Miederhoff P.A. , Cox F.M. , Hirsch J.D. Costs incurred by outpatient surgical centers in managing postoperative nausea and vomiting. J Clin Anesth. 1994; 6: 364–369.

Kehlet H. , Dahl J.B. The value of “multimodal” or “balanced analgesia” in postoperative pain treatment. Anesth Analg. 1993; 77: 1048–1056.

Banks A. Innovations in postoperative pain management: continuous infusion of local anesthetics. AORN. 2007; 85(5): 904–914.

Craft J. Patient-controlled analgesia: is it worth the painful prescribing process? Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2010; 23(4): 434–438.

Walder B. , Schafer M. , Henzi I. , Tramer M.R. Efficacy and safety of patient-controlled opioid analgesia for acute postoperative pain: a quantitative systematic review. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2001; 45: 795–804.

Pasero C. Perineural local anesthetic infusion. AJN. 2004; 104(7): 89–93.

Beaussier M. , El'Ayoubi H. , Schiffer E. Continuous preperitoneal infusion of ropivacaine provides effective analgesia and accelerates recovery after colorectal surgery: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Anesthesiology. 2007; 107: 461–468.

Cheong W.K. , Seow-Choen F. , Eu K.W. , Tang C.L. , Heah S.M. Randomized clinical trial of local bupivacaine perfusion versus parenteral morphine infusion for pain relief after laparotomy. Br J Surg. 2001; 88: 357–359.

Williams B.A. , Kentor M.L. , Vogt M.T. Reduction of verbal pain scores after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with 2-day continuous femoral nerve block: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology. 2006; 104(20): 315–327.

Richman J.M. , Liu S.S. , Courpas G. Does continuous peripheral nerve block provide superior pain control to opioids? A meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2006; 102: 248–257.

Schein J.R. , Hicks R.W. , Nelson W.W. , Sikirica V. , Doyle D.J. Patient-controlled analgesia-related medication errors in the postoperative period: causes and prevention. Drug Safety. 2009; 32(7): 549–559.

Grass J.A. Patient-controlled analgesia. Anesth Analg. 2005; 101: S44–61.

Hagle M.E. , Lehr V.T. , Brubakken K. , Shippee A. Respiratory depression in adult patients with intravenous patient-controlled analgesia. Orthopaedic Nurs. 2004; 23(1): 18–27.

Etches R.C. Respiratory depression associated with patient-controlled analgesia: a review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth. 1994; 41(2): 125–132.

Looi-Lyons L.C. , Chung F.F. , Chan V.W. , McQuestion M. Respiratory depression: an adverse outcome during patient controlled analgesia therapy. J Clin Anesth. 1996; 8: 151–156.

Choiniere M. , Rittenhouse B.E. , Perreault S. Efficacy and costs of patient-controlled analgesia versus regularly administered intramuscular opioid therapy. Anesthesiology. 1998; 89(6): 1377–1388.

Colwell C.W. , Morris B.A. Patient-controlled analgesia compared with intramuscular injection of analgesics for the management of pain after an orthopaedic procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995; 77: 726–733.