Use of Hypertonic 7.5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries Trauma: Antibiotics in Open Fractures: Sedation Update: Time for a Change?
Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online May, 2007
Use of Hypertonic 7.5% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Solution in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injuries Trauma: Antibiotics in Open Fractures: Sedation Update: Time for a Change?
This feature examines the impact of pharmacologic interventions on the treatment of the critically ill patient — an area of health care that has become increasingly complex. Recent advances in drug therapy (including evolving and controversial data) for adult intensive-care-unit patients will be reviewed and assessed in terms of clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes. Direct questions or comments to Sandra Kane-Gill, PharmD, MSc, at kanesl@upmc.edu.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths. Prepared by Division of Injury and Disability Outcomes and Programs, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and Department of Health and Human Services; October 2004. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncipc/pubres/TBI_in_US_04/TBI-USA_Book-Oct1.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2007.
2.
VincentJ.L., BerréJ.Primer on medical management of severe brain injury. Crit Care Med.2005; 33: 1392–1399.
3.
ManleyG., KnudsonM.M., MorabitoD., DamronS., EricksonV., PittsL.Hypotension, hypoxia, and head injury: frequency, duration, and consequences. Arch Surg.2001; 136: 1118–1123.
4.
VassarM.J., FischerR.P., O'BrienP.E.. A multicenter trial for resuscitation of injured patients with 7.5% sodium chloride. Arch Surg.1993; 128: 1003–1013.
5.
VassarM.J., PerryC.A., GannawayW.L., HolcroftJ.W.7.5% sodium chloride/dextran for resuscitation of trauma patients undergoing helicopter transport. Arch Surg.1991; 126: 1065–1072.
6.
VassarM.J., PerryC.A., HolcroftJ.W.Analysis of potential risks associated with 7.5% sodium chloride resuscitation of traumatic shock. Arch Surg.1990; 125: 1309–1315.
7.
VialetR., AlbanéseJ., TomachotL.. Isovolume hypertonic solutes (sodium chloride or mannitol) in the treatment of refractory posttraumatic intracranial hypertension: 2 mL/kg 7.5% saline is more effective than 2 mL/kg 20% mannitol. Crit Care Med.2003; 31: 1683–1687.
8.
BattisonC., AndrewsP.J., GrahamC., PettyT.Randomized, controlled trial on the effect of a 20% mannitol solution and a 7.5% saline/6% dextran solution on increased intracranial pressure after brain injury. Crit Care Med.2005; 33: 196–202, 257-258.
9.
CooperD.J., MylesP.S., McDermottF.T.. Prehospital hypertonic saline resuscitation of patients with hypotension and severe traumatic brain injury. JAMA.2004; 291: 1350–1357.
10.
ChristianC.A.General principles of fracture treatment. In: HurleyR., ed. Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics. Vol 3. St. Louis, MO: Mosby; 1998; 2025–2031.
11.
ZalavrasC.G., PatzakisM.J., HoltomP.D., ShermanR.Management of open fractures. Infect Dis Clin North Am.2005; 19: 915–929.
12.
EllisV.H.Penicillin: Its practical application in orthopaedic surgery and fractures. In: FlemingA., ed. Penicillin: Its Practical Application.London: Butterworth and Co, Ltd; 1946; 189–199.
13.
GosselinR.A., RobertsI., GillespieW.J.Antibiotics for preventing infection in open limb fractures. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews [CD003764].2004; 1: 1–11.
14.
LuchetteF.A., BoneL.B., BornC.T.. EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group: Practice management guidelines for prophylactic antibiotic use in open fractures. Available at: http://www.east.org/tpg/openfrac.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2007.
15.
CruseP.Wound infections. In: HowardR.S., ed. Epidemiology and Clinical Characteristics in Surgical Infectious Diseases.Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange; 1988; 319–329.
16.
PatzakisM.J., HarveyJ.P., IvlerD.The role of antibiotics in the management of open fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1974; 56: 532–541.
17.
Weitz-MarshallA.D., BosseM.J.Timing of closure of open fractures. J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2002; 10: 379–384.
18.
GustiloR.B., AndersonJ.T.Prevention of infection in the treatment of one thousand and twenty-five open fractures of long bones. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1976; 58A: 453–458.
19.
GustiloR.B., MendosaR.M., WilliamsD.N.Problems in the management of type III (severe) open fractures: a new classification of type III open fractures. J Trauma.1984; 24: 742–746.
20.
OstermannP.A., HenryS.L., SeligsonD.The role of local antibiotic therapy in the management of compound fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1993; 295: 102–111.
21.
OxmanA.D., SackettD.L., GuyattG.H.User's guides to the medical literature. I. How to get started. The Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. JAMA.1993; 270: 2093–2095.
22.
BergmanB.R.Antibiotic prophylaxis in open and closed fractures: a controlled trial. Acta Orthop Scand.1982; 53: 57–62.
23.
DellingerE.P., MillerS.D., WertzM.J., GrypmaM., DroppertB., AndersonP.A.Risk of infection after open fracture of the arm or leg. Arch Surg.1988; 123: 1320–1327.
24.
HansrajK.K., WeaverL.D., ToddA.O.. Efficacy of ceftriaxone versus cefazolin in the prophylactic management of extra-articular cortical violation of bone due to low-velocity gunshot wounds. Orthop Clin North Am.1995; 26: 9–17.
25.
PatzakisM.J., WilkinsJ.Factors influencing infection rate in open fracture wounds. Clin Orthop Relat Res.1989; 243: 36–40.
26.
RobinsonD., OnE., HadasN., HalperinN., HofmanS., BoldurI.Microbiologic flora contaminating open fractures: its significance in the choice of primary antibiotic agents and the likelihood of deep wound infections. J Orthop Trauma.1989; 3: 283–286.
27.
ZalavrasC.G., PatzakisM.J.Open fractures: evaluation and management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg.2003; 11: 212–219.
28.
BlachutP.A., MeekR.N., O'BrienP.J.External fixation and delayed intramedullary nailing of open tibial shaft fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am.1990; 72: 729–735.
29.
JacobiJ., FraserG.L., CoursinD.B.. Clinical practice guidelines for the sustained use of sedatives and analgesics in the critically ill adult. Crit Care Med.2002; 30: 119–141.
30.
KollefM.H., LevyN.T., AhrensT.S., SchaiffR., PrenticeD., ShermanG.The use of continuous i.v. sedation is associated with prolongation of mechanical ventilation. Chest.1998; 114: 541–548.
31.
KressJ.P., PohlmanA.S., O'ConnorM.F., HallJ.B.Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med.2000; 342: 1471–1477.
32.
WittbrodtE.T.Daily interruption of continuous sedation. Pharmacotherapy.2005; 25(5 Pt 2): 3S–7S.
33.
Barrientos-VegaR., Mar Sanchez-SoriaM., Morales-GarciaC.. Prolonged sedation of critically ill patients with midazolam or propofol: impact on weaning and costs. Crit Care Med.1997; 25: 33–40.
34.
CarrascoG., MolinaR., CostaJ., SolerJ.M., CabreL.Propofol vs midazolam in short-, medium-, and long-term sedation of critically ill patients. A cost-benefit analysis. Chest.1993; 103: 557–564.
35.
ChamorroC., de LatorreF.J., MonteroA.. Comparative study of propofol versus midazolam in the sedation of critically ill patients: results of a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial. Crit Care Med.1996; 24: 932–939.
36.
KressJ.P., O'ConnorM.F., PohlmanA.S.. Sedation of critically ill patients during mechanical ventilation. A comparison of propofol and midazolam. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.1996; 153: 1012–1018.
37.
WeinbroumA.A., HalpernP., RudickV., SorkineP., FreedmanM., GellerE.Midazolam versus propofol for long-term sedation in the ICU: a randomized prospective comparison. Intensive Care Med.1997; 23: 1258–1263.
38.
CarsonS.S., KressJ.P., RodgersJ.E.. A randomized trial of intermittent lorazepam versus propofol with daily interruption in mechanically ventilated patients. Crit Care Med.2006; 34: 1326–1332.
39.
RichmanP.S., BaramD., VarelaM., GlassP.S.Sedation during mechanical ventilation: a trial of benzodiazepine and opiate combination. Crit Care Med.2006; 34: 1395–1401.
