A vehicle borne improvised explosive device (VBIED) is commonly used by insurgents and terrorists to cause military and civilian casualties as well as inflict severe damage to buildings and structures. In order to mitigate and protect against such a threat, a better understanding of the VBIED blast and fragmentation effects is needed. In this paper, the results of the modelling and simulation of VBIED effects on personnel using empirical data are presented. The human casualty predictions were made in terms of injury types and levels in a free field scenario using different software modelling tools. Based on these results, evacuation or safety distances for the particular VBIED scenarios used were determined.
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