The noise generated by isothermal round jets at Mach number M = 0.9 and at the diameter-based Reynolds number ReD = 5 × 105, originating from a straight pipe nozzle, is computed directly using Large Eddy Simulation (LES), in order to highlight the potential influence of the inlet boundary conditions on the acoustic predictions. Two jets are simulated, displaying levels of fluctuating axial velocity at the nozzle exit respectively of 1.6% and 9% of the jet velocity, while the momentum thickness of the shear layers is nearly the same. The shear-layer development and the radiated sound fields obtained for the two jets are found to differ significantly. The shear layer of the jet with low initial turbulence levels develops for instance with higher turbulence intensities and a velocity flow field that is more correlated. In addition coherent annular vortices and pairings are clearly observed in this jet. Regarding the radiated noise, the jet with high initial turbulence levels provides sound levels and spectra in fairly good agreement with experimental data obtained for jets at Reynolds numbers ReD ≥ 5 × 105. The jet with low nozzle-exit turbulence levels is shown to generate more noise, which might result from vortex pairings in the shear layer as it was suggested by Zaman [1].
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ZamanK.B.M.Q., “Effect of the initial condition on subsonic jet noise,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 23, No. 9, 1985, pp. 1370–1373.
2.
TamC.K.W., “Jet noise: Since 1952,”Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 10, 1998, pp. 393–405.
3.
WangM.FreundJ.B., and LeleS.K.“Computational prediction of flow-generated sound,”Annu. Rev. Fluid. Mech., Vol. 38, 2006, pp. 483–512.
4.
ZhaoW.FrankelS.H., and MongeauL., “Large eddy simulations of sound radiation from subsonic turbulent jets,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 39, No. 8, 2001, pp. 1469–1477.
5.
BogeyC.BaillyC., and JuvéD., “Noise investigation of a high subsonic, moderate Reynolds number jet using a compressible LES,”Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 16, No. 4, 2003, pp. 273–297.
6.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Investigation of downstream and sideline subsonic jet noise using Large Eddy Simulations,”Theoret. Comput. Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 20, No. 1, 2006, pp. 23–40.
7.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “An analysis of the correlations between the turbulent flow and the sound pressure field of subsonic jets,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 583, 2007, pp. 71–97.
8.
BodonyD.J. and LeleS.K., “On using large-eddy simulation for the prediction of noise from cold and heated turbulent jets,”Phys. Fluids, Vol. 17, 085103, 2005, pp. 118.
9.
RemboldB. and KleiserL., “Noise prediction of a rectangular jet using Large-Eddy Simulation,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1823–1831.
10.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Effects of inflow conditions and forcing on a Mach 0.9 jet and its radiated noise,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 5, 2005, pp. 1000–1007.
11.
DeBonisJ.R. and ScottJ.N., “Large-Eddy Simulation of a turbulent compressible round jet,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 7, 2002, pp. 1346–1354.
12.
BiancherinA.LupoglazoffN.VuillotF., and RahierG.“Comprehensive 3D unsteady simulations of subsonic and supersonic hot jet flow-fields. Part 2: Acoustic analysis,”, AIAA 2002–2600.
13.
AnderssonN.ErikssonL.-E., and DavidsonL., “Large-Eddy Simulation of subsonic turbulent jets and their radiated sound,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 9, 2005, pp. 1899–1912.
14.
ShurM.L.SpalartP.R. and StreletsM.K., “Noise prediction for increasingly complex jets. Part I: Methods and tests,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 4, No. 3&4, 2005, pp. 213–246.
15.
WuX.TristantoI.H.PageG.J., and McGuirkJ.J.“Influence of nozzle modelling in LES of turbulent free jets,”, AIAA 2005–2883.
16.
ShenH. and TamC.K.W., “Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation of the Jet Screech Phenomenon,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 40, No. 1, 2002, pp. 33–41.
17.
Al-QadiI.M.A. and ScottJ.N.“High-order three dimensional numerical simulation of a supersonic rectangular jet,”, AIAA 2003–3238.
18.
LiX.D. and GaoJ.H., “Numerical simulation of the generation mechanism of axisymmetric supersonic jet screech tones,”Phys. Fluids, Vol. 17, No. 8, 2005, 085105.
19.
BerlandJ.BogeyC., and BaillyC., “Numerical study of screech generation in a planar supersonic jet,”Phys. Fluids, Vol. 19, 2007, 075105, pp. 1–14.
20.
ViswanathanK. and ClarkL.T., “Effect of nozzle internal contour on jet aeroacoustics,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2004, pp. 103–135.
21.
ZamanK.B.M.Q., “Far-field noise of a subsonic jet under controlled excitation,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 152, 1985, pp. 83–111.
22.
HussainA.K.M.F. and ZedanM.F., “Effects of the initial condition on the axisymmetric free shear layer: Effects of the initial fluctuation level,”Phys. Fluids, Vol. 21, No. 9, 1978, pp. 1475–1481.
23.
HusainZ.D. and HussainA.K.M.F., “Axisymmetric mixing layer: Influence of the initial and boundary conditions,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1979, pp. 48–55.
24.
ZamanK.B.M.Q., “Flow field and near and far sound field of a subsonic jet,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 106, No. 1, 1986, pp. 1–16.
25.
CrightonD.G., “Acoustics as a branch of fluid mechanics,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 106, 1981, pp. 261–298.
26.
BridgesJ.E. and HussainA.K.M.F., “Roles of initial conditions and vortex pairing in jet noise,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 117, No. 2, 1987, pp. 289–311.
27.
ViswanathanK., “Aeroacoustics of hot jets,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 516, 2004, pp. 39–82.
28.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Computation of a high Reynolds number jet and its radiated noise using LES based on explicit filtering,”Computers and Fluids, Vol. 35, No. 10, 2006, pp. 1344–1358.
29.
UzunA. and HussainiM.“High frequency noise generation in the near-nozzle region of a jet,”, AIAA 2006–2499.
30.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “A family of low dispersive and low dissipative explicit schemes for flow and noise computations,”J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 194, No. 1, 2004, pp. 194–214.
31.
BerlandJ.BogeyC.MarsdenO., and BaillyC., “High-order, low dispersive and low dissipative schemes for multiple-scale and boundary problems,”J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 224, 2007, pp. 637–662.
32.
ConstantinescuG.S. and LeleS.K., “A highly accurate technique for the treatment of flow equations at the polar axis in cylindrical coordinates using series expansions,”J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 183, 2002, pp. 165–186.
33.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Large Eddy Simulations of transitional round jets: Influence of the Reynolds number on flow development and energy dissipation,”Phys. Fluids, Vol. 18, No. 6, 2006, 065101, pp. 1–14.
34.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Decrease of the effective Reynolds number with eddy-viscosity subgrid-scale modeling,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2005, pp. 437–439.
35.
BogeyC. and BaillyC., “Large Eddy Simulations of round free jets using explicit filtering with/without dynamic Smagorinsky model,”Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2006, pp. 603–610.
36.
EggelsJ.G.M.UngerF.WeissM.H.WesterweelJ.AdrianR.J.FriedrichR., and NieustadtF.T.M., “Fully developed turbulent pipe flow: A comparison between direct numerical simulation and experiment,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 268, 1994, pp. 175–209.
37.
BogeyC.BarréS., and BaillyC.“Direct computation of the noise generated by a hot coaxial jet,”, AIAA 2007–3587.
38.
LauJ.C.MorrisP.J., and FisherM.J., “Measurements in subsonic and supersonic free jets using a laser velocimeter,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 93, No. 1, 1979, pp. 1–27.
39.
ArakeriV.H.KrothapalliA.SiddavaramV.AlkislarM.B., and LourencoL., “On the use of microjets to suppress turbulence in a Mach 0.9 axisymmetric jet,”J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 490, 2003, pp. 75–98.
40.
RamanG.RiceE.J., and ReshotkoE., “Mode spectra of natural disturbances in a circular jet and the effect of acoustic forcing,”Exp. Fluids, Vol. 17, 1994, pp. 415–426.
41.
IslamM.T. and AliM.A.T., “Mean velocity and static pressure distribution of a circular jet,”AIAA Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1, 1997, pp. 196–197.
42.
MichalkeA., “Survey on jet instability theory,”Prog. Aerospace Sci., Vol. 21, 1984, pp. 159–199.
43.
BogeyC.BarréS.FleuryV.BaillyC., and JuvéD., “Experimental study of the spectral properties of near-field and far-field jet noise,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2007, pp. 73–92.
44.
MaestrelloL.“Two points correlations of sound pressure in the far field of a jet: Experiment,”, NASA-TMX-72835, 1976.
45.
GloerfeltX.BogeyC., and BaillyC., “Numerical evidence of mode switching in the flow-induced oscillations by a cavity,”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 2, No. 2, 2003, pp. 193–217.
46.
JordanP.GervaisY.ValièreJ.-C., and FoulonH.“Final results from single point measurements,”, Project deliverable D3.4, JEAN – EU 5th Framework Programme, G4RD-CT2000–00313, 2002.
47.
TannaH.K., “An experimental study of jet noise. Part I: Turbulent mixing noise,”J. Sound Vib., Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 405–428.
