Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Acoustic perturbation equations for reacting flows (APE-RF) are derived to investigate combustion noise in conjunction with a hybrid approach. The method uses large-eddy simulation (LES) data in the first step and the APE-RF system in the second step. The newly derived APE-RF system contains several source terms on the right-hand side (RHS). They are discussed in detail with respect to their relation to various sound mechanisms. The acoustic sources contain the impact of unsteady heat release, non-isomolar combustion, species diffusion, heat diffusion, viscous effects, non-uniform mean flow and non-constant combustion pressure effects, and the influence of acceleration of density inhomogeneities. It is shown that the unsteady heat release occurs in the total time derivative of the density that is immediately available from an LES. By computing via the hybrid method the sound field of an open turbulent non-premixed flame being generated just by the substantial derivative of the density, which contains besides the unsteady heat release, the effect of non-isomolar combustion, heat and species diffusion, and viscous effects, i.e., the remaining terms are neglected, and by comparing the numerical data with experimental findings the total temporal derivative of the density is shown to contain for a wide frequency range the major sound sources in reacting flows. However, it is also indicated that to simulate all the details in the complete frequency range the remaining source mechanisms occurring on the RHS of the APE-RF system are to be taken into account in the analysis.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Bragg

, “Combustion Noise,” J. Inst. of Fuel, Vol. 36, 1963, pp. 12–16.

Smith

T. J. B.

Kilham

J. K.

, “Noise Generation by Open Turbulent Flames,” J. Acoust. Soc. America, Vol. 35, No. 5, 1963, pp. 715–724.

Strahle

W. C.

, “On combustion generated noise,” J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 49, 1971, pp. 399–414.

Lighthill

M. J.

, “On Sound Generated Aerodynamically: I. General Theory,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, Vol. 211, 1952, pp. 564–587.

Lighthill

M. J.

, “On Sound Generated Aerodynamically: II. Turbulence as a source of sound,” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A, Vol. 222, 1954, pp. 1–32.

Price

R. B.

Hurle

I. R.

Sudgen

T. M.

, “Optical studies of the generation of noise in turbulent flames,” Proceedings of the 12th Int. Combustion Symposium, The Combustion Institute, 1968, pp. 1095–1101.

Strahle

W. C.

, “Some results in combustion generated noise,” J. Sound Vibration, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1972, pp. 113–125.

Hassan

H. A.

, “Scaling of combustion-generated noise,” J. Fluid Mech., Vol. 66, No. 3, 1974, pp. 445–453.

Ihme

Bodony

D. J.

Pitsch

, “Prediction of combustion-generated noise in non-premixed turbulent jet flames using large-eddy simulation,” AIAA Paper 2006-2614, 2006.

10.

Klein

S. A.

Kok

J. B. W.

, “Sound Generation of Turbulent Non-premixed Flames,” Combust. Sci. and Tech., Vol. 149, 1999, pp. 267–295.

11.

Chiu

H. H.

Summerfield

, “Theory of combustion noise,” Acta Astronautica, Vol. 1, No. 7–8, 1974, pp. 967–984.

12.

Ramachandra

M. K.

Strahle

W. C.

, “Acoustic signature from flames as a combustion diagnostic tool,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 21, 1983, pp. 1107–1112.

13.

Subrahmanyam

P. B.

Sujith

R. I.

Ramakrishna

, “Determination of unsteady heat release distribution from acoustic pressure measurements: A reformulation of the inverse problem,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol. 114, 2003, pp. 686–696.

14.

Lieuwen

T. C.

Neumeier

Zinn

B. T.

, “Determination of unsteady heat release distribution in unstable combustor from acoustic pressure measurements,” J. Propul. Power, Vol. 15, 1999, pp. 613–616.

15.

Truffaut

J. M.

Searby

Boyer

, “Sound emission by non-isomolar combustion at low Mach numbers,” Combust. Theory Modelling, Vol. 2, 1998, pp. 423–428.

16.

Ewert

Schröder

, “Acoustic perturbation equations based on flow decomposition via source filtering,” J. Comput. Physics, Vol. 188, 2003, pp. 365–398.

17.

Ewert

Schröder

, “On the Simulation of Trailling Edge Noise with a Hybrid LES/APE Method,” J. Sound Vibration, Vol. 270, 2004, pp. 509–524.

18.

Crighton

D. G.

Dowling

A. P.

Williams

J. E. Ffowcs

Heckl

Leppington

F. G.

, Modern Methods in Analytical Acoustics, Springer, 1992.

19.

Williams

F. A.

, Combustion Theory, The Fundamental Theory of Chemically Reacting Flow Systems, Addison-Wesley, 1964.

20.

Singh

Frankel

Gore

, “Study of Spectral Noise Emissions from Standard Turbulent Nonpremixed Flames,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 42, No. 5, 2004, pp. 931–936.

21.

Gröschel

Schröder

Meinke

Comte

, “Noise Prediction for a Turbulent Jet Using Different Hybrid Methods,” Computers & Fluids, to be published in 2007.

22.

McMurtry

P. A.

Jou

W. H.

Riley

J. J.

Metcalfe

R. W.

, “Direct numerical simulations of a reacting mixing layer with chemical heat release,” AIAA Journal, Vol. 24, No. 6, 1986, pp. 962–970.

23.

Klein

, “Semi-implicit extension of a Godunov-type scheme based on low mach number asymptotics I: One-dimensional flow,” J. Comput. Physics, Vol. 121, 1995, pp. 213–237.

24.

Barlow

, editor, Proceedings of the TNF Workshops, Livermore, CA, 1996–2004, Sandia National Laboratories, www.ca.sandia.gov/TNF.

25.

Renfro

M. W.

Chaturvedy

King

G. B.

Laurendeau

N. M.

Kempf

Dreizler

Janicka

, “Comparison of OH time-series measurements and large-eddy simulations in hydrogen jet flames,” Combustion and Flame, Vol. 139, 2004, pp. 142–151.

26.

Forkel

Janicka

, “Large-Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Hydrogen Diffusion Flame,” Flow, Turb. Combust., Vol. 65, 2000, pp. 163–175.

27.

Tam

C. K. W.

Webb

J. C.

, “Dispersion-Relation-Preserving Finite Difference Schemes for Computational Acoustics,” J. Comput. Physics, Vol. 107, No. 2, 1993, pp. 262–181.

28.

F. Q.

Hussaini

M. Y.

Manthey

J. L.

, “Low-Dissipation and Low-Dispersion Runge-Kutta Schemes for Computational Acoustics,” J. Comput. Physics, Vol. 124, No. 1, 1996, pp. 177–191.

29.

Schröder

Ewert

, “LES-CAA Coupling, LES for Acoustics”, Cambridge University Press, 2005.

30.

Lockard

D. P.

, “An efficient, two-dimensional implementation of the FFowcs Williams and Hawkings equation,” J. Sound Vibration, Vol. 229, No. 4, 2000, pp. 897–911.

31.

Bui

T. P.

Meinke

Schröder

Flemming

Sadiki

Janicka

, “A Hybrid Method for Combustion Noise Based on LES and APE,” AIAA Paper 2005-3014, 2005.

32.

Kotake

, “On combustion noise related to chemical reactions,” J. Sound Vibration, Vol. 42, No. 3, 1975, pp. 399–410.

33.

Shivashankara

B. N.

Strahle

W. C.

Handley

J. C.

, “Combustion noise radiation by open turbulent flames,” AIAA Paper 1973-1025, 1973.

34.

Brick

Piscoya

Ochmann

Költzsch

, “Prediction of the Sound Radiation from Open Flames by Coupling a Large Eddy Simulation and a Kirchhoff-Method,” Acta Acustica united with Acustica, Vol. 91, 2005, pp. 17–21.

35.

Press

W. H.

Flannery

B. P.

Teukolsky

S. A.

Vetterling

W. T.

, Numerical Recipes, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 1992.

Acoustic Perturbation Equations for Reacting Flows to Compute Combustion Noise

Abstract

Get full access to this article

References