Large eddy simulation (LES) type studies are made of a realistic geometry coaxial nozzle with a pylon. For the LES, since the solver being used tends towards having dissipative qualities, the subgrid scale (SGS) model is omitted, giving Numerical LES (NLES). To overcome near wall streak resolution problems a near wall RANS (Reynolds averaged Navier Stokes) model is used giving a hybrid NLES-RANS approach.
The pylon is shown to influence the flow development, having a significant impact on peak turbulence levels and spreading rates. The results show that real geometry effects are influential and should be taken into account when moving towards real engine simulations. If their effects are ignored then, based on the studies here, key turbulence parameters will have significant error.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ShurM.SpalartP.StreletsM., and TravinA., “Towards the Prediction of Noise from Jet Engines.”International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 24, 2003, pp. 551–561.
2.
ShurM.SpalartP., and StreletsM., “Noise Prediction for Increasingly Complex Jets. Part 1: Methods and Tests.”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 4, 2005, pp. 213–246.
3.
BoersmaB. and LeleS., “Large Eddy Simulation of a Mach 0.9 Turbulent Jet.”5th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 10–12 May 1999, Bellvue, WA. AIAA 1999–1874, 1999.
4.
BodonyD. and LeleS., “Jet Noise Prediction of Cold and Hot Subsonic Jets Using Large Eddy Simulation.”10th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 10–12 May 2004, Manchester, United Kingdom. AIAA 2004–3022, 2004.
5.
BogeyC.BaillyC., and JuveD., “Noise Investigation of a High Subsonic, Moderate Reynolds Number Jet Using a Compressible Large Eddy Simulation.”Theoretical Computational Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 16, 2003, pp. 273–297.
6.
EastwoodS. J.TuckerP. G.XiaH., and KlostermeierC., “Developing Large Eddy Simulation for Turbomachinery Applications.”Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences., Vol. 367, 2009, pp. 2999–3013.
7.
GrinsteinF., “Recent Progress on Montone Integrated Large Eddy Simulation of Free Jets.”JSME International Journal, Vol. 49(4), 2006, pp. 890–898.
8.
TuckerP. G., “Novel MILES Computations for Jet Flows and Noise.”International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Vol. 25, 2004, pp. 625–635.
9.
AnderssonN.ErikssonL.-E., and DavidsonL., “Effects of Inflow Conditions and Subgrid Model on LES for Turbulent Jets.”11th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 23–26 May, Monterey, California, 2006. AIAA 2005–2925, 2005.
10.
BodonyD. and LeleS., “Current Status of Jet Noise Predictions Using Large Eddy Simulation.”American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 46, 2008, pp. 364–380.
11.
LapworthL., “HYDRA CFD: A Framework for Collaborative CFD Development.”International Conference on Scientific and Engineering Computation, Singapore, July 2004, 2004.
12.
KravchenkoA. and MoinP., “On the Effect of Numerical Errors in Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Flows.”Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 131, 1997, pp. 310–322.
13.
GhosalS., “An Analysis of Numerical Errors in Large Eddy Simulations of Turbulence.”Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 125, 1996, pp. 187–206.
14.
GrinsteinF.MargolinL., and RiderW., Implicit Large Eddy Simulation., Cambridge University Press, 2007.
15.
PopeS., Turbulent Flows., Cambridge University Press., 2000.
16.
UzunA. and HussainiY., “High Frequency Noise Generation in the Near Nozzle Region of a Jet.”12th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 8–10 May 2006, Cambridge, Massachusetts, AIAA 2006–2499, 2006.
17.
BogeyC.BarreS., and BaillyC., “Direct Computation of the Noise Generated by Subsonic Jets Originating from a Straight Pipe Nozzle.”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 7, 2008, pp. 1–22.
18.
DeBonisJ. and ScottJ., “A Large Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Compressible Round Jet.”American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 40(5), 2002, pp. 1346–1354.
19.
MihaescuM., Computational Aeroacoustics Based on Large Eddy Simulation and Acoustic Analogies, Ph.D. thesis, Lund Institute of Technology, 2005.
20.
MorrisP. J.DuY., and KaraK., “Jet Noise Simulations for Realistic Jet Nozzle Geometries.”IUTAM Symposium on Compuational Aero-Acoustics for Aircraft Noise Prediction, Engineering Procedia, Elsevier, 2010.
21.
AnderssonN.ErikssonL.-E., and DavidsonL., “LES Prediction of Flow and Acoustic Field of a Coaxial Jet.”11th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 23–25 May 2005, Monterey, California, AIAA 2005–2884, 2005.
22.
BogeyC.BarreS.JuveD., and BaillyC., “Simulation of a Hot Coaxial Jet: Direct Noise Prediction and Flow-Acoustics Correlations.”Physics of Fluids, Vol. 21, 2009.
23.
MihaescuM.SzaszR., and FuchsL., “Numerical Investigation of the Acoustics of a Coaxial Nozzle.”43rd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, 10–13 January, Reno, Nevada. AIAA 2005–420, 2005.
24.
ShurM.SpalartP.StreletsM., and GarbarukA., “Further Steps in LES Based Noise Prediction for Complex Jets.”44th AIAA Aerospace Sciences and Meeting Exhibit, 9–12 January, Reno, Nevada, 2006. AIAA 2006–485, 2006.
25.
VuillotF.LupoglazoffN., and RahierG., “Double Stream Nozzle Flows and Noise Computations and Comparisons to Experiments.”46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, Nevada, Jan. 7–10, AIAA-2008-9, 2008.
26.
YanJ.TawackolianK.MichelU., and ThieleF., “Computation of Jet Noise using a Hybrid Approach.”13th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 21–23 May, Rome Italy, AIAA 2007–3621, 2007.
27.
EastwoodS. J.TuckerP. G.XiaH.DunkleyP., and CarpenterP., “Hybrid LES Computations and Measurements of a Small Scale, High Speed Coflowing Jet.”American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 48(5), 2010, pp. 963–974.
28.
UzunA. and HussainiY., “Noise Generation in the Near Nozzle Region of a Chevron Nozzle Jet Flow.”13th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 21–23 May, Rome Italy, AIAA 2007–3596, 2007.
29.
XiaH.TuckerP. G., and EastwoodS. J., “Large Eddy Simulations of Chevron Jet Flows with Noise Predictions.”International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow., 2009, In press.
30.
ViswanathanK.ShurM.SpalartP., and StreletsM., “Flow and Noise Predictions for Single and Dual Stream Beveled Nozzles.”American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 46(3), 2008, pp. 601–626.
31.
PaliathU. and MorrisP., “Prediction of Noise from Circular Beveled Nozzles.”11th AIAA Aeroacoustics Conference, 23–25 May 2005, Monterey, California, AIAA 2005–3096, 2005.
32.
SpalartP., “Strategies for Turbulence Modelling and Simulations.”International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow., Vol. 21, 2000, pp. 252–263.
33.
WolfshteinM., “The Velocity and Temperature Distribution on One Dimensional Flow with Turbulence Augmentation and Pressure Gradient.”International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol. 12, 1969, pp. 301–318.
34.
YangK. and FerzigerJ., “Large Eddy Simulation of Turbulent Obstacle Flow Using a Dynamics Subgrid Scale Model.”American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Vol. 31(8), 1993, pp. 1406–1413.
35.
TuckerP. G. and DavidsonL., “Zonal k-1 based Large Eddy Simulations.”Computers and Fluids, Vol. 33, 2004, pp. 267–287.
36.
ZhongB. and TuckerP., “k-1 Based Hybrid LES/RANS Approach and its Application to Heat Transfer Simulation.”International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids, Vol. 46, 2004, pp. 983–1005.
37.
GeorgiardisN., “Hybrid Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes/Large Eddy Simulations of Supersonic Turbulent Mixing.”American Institute of Astronautics and Aeronautics, Vol. 41(2), 2006, pp. 218–229.
38.
RoeP., “Approximate Riemann Solvers, Parameter Vectors, and Difference Solvers.”Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 135, 1997, pp. 250–258.
39.
MorganK.PeraireJ., and HassanO., “The Computation of Three Dimensional Flows Using Unstructured Grids.”Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, Vol. 87, 1991, pp. 335–352.
40.
CiardiM.M.KleinP.S., and DawesW., “A Dynamic Finite Volume Scheme for Large Eddy Simulation on Unstructured Grids.”Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 210(2), 2005, pp. 632–655.
41.
EastwoodS. J., Hybrid LES-RANS of Complex Geometry Jets., Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009.
42.
SuzukiT. and ColoniusT., “Instability Waves in a Subsonic Round Jet Detected Using a Near-Field Phased Microphone Array.”Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 000, 2006, pp. 1–30.
43.
TuckerP. G.CouplandJ.EastwoodS. J.XiaH.LiuY.Jefferson-LovedayR., and HassanO., “Contrasting Code Performances for Computational Aeroacoustics of Jets.”12th AIAA/CEAS Aeroacoustics Conference, Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 8–10, 2006. AIAA 2006–2672, 2006.
44.
MoulinecC.BenhamadoucheS.LaurenceD., and PericM., “LES in a U-bend pipe meshed by polyhedral cells.”Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Experiments, Vol. 6, 2005, pp. 237–246.
45.
TuckerP. G. and KarabasovS., “Unstructured Grid Solution Approach for Eikonal Equation with Acoustics in Mind.”International Journal of Aeroacoustics, Vol. 8(6), 2009, pp. 535–554, In press.
