In the present paper, the results of an experimental campaign concerning the long-term properties of self-compacting concrete are presented. Five mixes of SCC and one mix of CVC have been employed, with different compressive strength covering the range of application from cast-in-place to prestressed structures.
For each mix, compressive strength, elastic modulus and shrinkage evolution with time have been monitored. Creep tests have also been performed at different stress levels and at two ages at loading (7 and 28 days). The influence of concrete strength, stress level have been observed, together with the role played by the mix parameters. The Poisson' ratio evolution with time has been also observed; the role played by the application of long term loads and by different curing conditions on the concrete residual strength has been also investigated.
Finally, experimental data both in terms of shrinkage and creep are compared with international code provisions.
ACI 209R-92 (1992). Prediction of Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature Effects in Concrete Structures, American Concrete Institute Committee 209, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, USA.
2.
ASTM C512–02 (2002). Standard Test Method for Creep of Concrete in Compression, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
3.
BazantZ.P. (1988). Mathematical Modelling of Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
4.
BazantZ.P. and KimS.S. (1979). “Nonlinear creep of concrete-adaptation and flow”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 429–446.
5.
BazantZ.P. and WittmannF.H. (1982). Creep and Shrinkage in Concrete Structures, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.
6.
CEB-FIP (1990). Model Code 1990, Tomas Telford Publisher, London, UK.
7.
CEN (2004). Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete Structures-Part 1–1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
8.
CEN (2009). Testing Hardened Concrete-Part 3: Compressive Strength of Test Specimens (EN 12390–3), European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
9.
CraeyeB.De ShutterG.Van HumbeeckH. and Van CotthemA. (2009). “Early age behaviour of concrete supercontainer for radioactive waste disposal”, Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 239, No. 1, pp. 23–35.
10.
GardnerN.J. and LockmanM.J. (2001). “Design provisions for drying shrinkage and creep of normal-strength concrete”, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 98, No. 2, pp. 159–167.
11.
GrangerL.P. and BazantZ.P. (1995). “Effect of composition on basic creep of concrete and cement paste”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, Vol. 121, No. 11, pp. 1261–1270.
12.
HeirmanG.VandewalleL.Van GemertD.BoelV.AudenaertK.De SchutterG.DesmetB. and VantommeJ. (2008). “Time-dependent deformations of limestone powder type self-compacting concrete”, Engineering Structures, Vol. 30, No. 10, pp. 2945–2956.
13.
HossainK.M.A. and LachemiM. (2010). “Fresh, mechanical, and durability characteristics of self-consolidating concrete incorporating volcanic ash”, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, Vol. 22, No. 7, pp. 651–657.
14.
KlugY. and HolschemakerK. (2003). “Comparison of the hardened properties of self-compacting and normal vibrated concrete”. Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on SCC, Reykjavik, Iceland, August, pp. 596–605.
15.
LachemiM.HossainK.M.A.LambrosV. and BouzoubaaN. (2003). “Development of cost-effective self-compacting concrete incorporating fly ash, slag cement or viscosity modifying admixtures”, ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 100, No. 5, pp. 419–425.
16.
LandsbergerG.A. and Fernandez-GomezJ. (2007). “Evaluation of creep prediction models for self consolidating concrete”. Proceedings of 5th RILEM Symposium on SCC, Ghent, Belgium, pp. 605–610.
17.
LeemannA.LuraP. and LoserR. (2011). “Shrinkage and creep of SCC – The influence of paste volume and binder composition”, Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 25, No. 5, pp. 2283–2289.
18.
LoserR. and LeemannA. (2009). “Shrinkage and restrained shrinkage cracking of self-compacting concrete compared to conventionally vibrated concrete”, Materials and Structures, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 71–82.
19.
MazzottiC. and SavoiaM. (2009). “Long-term deflection of reinforced Self Compacting Concrete beams”, ACI Structural Journal, Vol. 106, No. 6, pp. 772–781.
20.
MazzottiC.SavoiaM. and CeccoliC. (2006). “Creep and Shrinkage of Self Compacting Concrete”. Proceedings of 2nd fib Conference, Naples, Italy, pp. 1–10. (CD-ROM)
21.
MazzottiC.SavoiaM. and CeccoliC. (2007). “Comparison between long term properties of SCCs with different strengths”. Proceedings of 5th RILEM Symposium on SCC, Ghent, Belgium, pp. 599–604.
22.
MazzottiC.SavoiaM. and CeccoliC. (2008). “Comparison between long term properties of self compacting concretes with different strength”. Proceedings of 3rd North American Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete, Chicago, USA, pp. 1–6. (CD-ROM)
23.
MazzottiC.SavoiaM. and CeccoliC. (2005). “A comparison between long term properties of self compacting concretes and normal vibrated concretes with same strength”. Proceedings of International Conference CONCREEP 7, Nantes, France, pp. 523–528.
24.
NevilleA.M. (1970). Creep of Concrete: Plain, Reinforced and Prestressed, North-Holland publishing company, Amsterdam, The Nederlands.
25.
OuchiM.NakamuraS.OstersonT.HallbergS. and LwinM. (2003). “Applications of self-compacting concrete in Japan, Europe and the United States”. Proceedings of International Symposium on High Performance Concrete-ISHPC, Orlando, Florida, USA, pp. 1–20.
26.
PerssonB. (2001). “A comparison between mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete and the corresponding properties of normal concrete”, Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 193–198.
27.
PerssonB. (2005). “Creep of self compacting concrete”. Proceedings of International Conference CONCREEP 7, Nantes, France, September, pp. 535–540.
28.
PoppeA.M. and De SchutterG. (2005). “Creep and shrinkage of self-compacting concrete”. Proceedings of 1st International Symposium on Design, Performance and Use of SCC, Changsha, China, pp. 329–336.
29.
RozièreE.GrangerS.TurcryP. and LoukiliA. (2007). “Influence of paste volume on shrinkage cracking and fracture properties of self-compacting concrete”, Cement and Concrete Composites, Vol. 29, No. 8, pp. 626–636.
30.
SengV. and ShimaH. (2005). “Creep and shrinkage of self-compacting concrete with different limestone powder contents”. Proceedings of 4th RILEM Symposium on Self-Compacting Concrete, Chicago, USA, pp. 981–987.
31.
SmerdaZ. and KristekV. (1988). Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete Elements and Structures, Elsevier publisher, Amsterdam, The Nederland.
32.
TaliercioA.L.F. and GobbiE. (1997). “Effect of elevated triaxial cyclic and constant loads on the mechanical properties of plain concrete”, Magazine of Concrete Research, Vol. 49, No. 181, pp. 353–365.
33.
UNI (1973). Concrete with Maximum Aggregate Size of 30 mm: Evaluation of Shrinkage (UNI 6555), Unification National Institute. (in Italian)
34.
UNI (1976). Tests of concretes: Determination of Static Modulus of Elasticity in Compression (UNI 6556), Unification National Institute. (in Italian)
35.
UNI (2003). Self Compacting Concrete-Specification, Characteristics and Checking (UNI 11040), Unification National Institute. (in Italian)
36.
VidalT.AssiéS. and PonsG. (2005). “Creep and shrinkage of self compacting concrete and comparative study with model code”. Proceedings of International Conference CONCREEP 7, Nantes, France, pp. 541–546.
37.
VieiraM. and BettencourtA. (2003). “Deformability of hardened SCC”. Proceedings of 3rd International Symposium on SCC, Reykjavik, Iceland, August, pp. 637–644.
