The characteristics of early reflections have a major effect on the acoustics of concert halls. In this article a framework for automatic localization of reflections and their properties is formulated. The framework uses impulse responses measured with multiple microphones. The focus is on the methods that can be used for detecting reflections and the methods that estimate the direction of arrival. Three methods for both tasks are given and their performance is measured using simulated data. Finally an example in a real auditorium is shown using the most reliable methods for detecting and estimating the direction of arrival of the reflections.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
RaykarV.C.KozintsevI.V., and LienhartR.Position calibration of microphones and loudspeakers in distributed computing platforms. IEEE Trans, on Speech and Audio Processing, 13(l):70–83, 2005.
2.
NgB.C., and SeeC.M.S., Sensor-array calibration using a maximum-likelihood approach. IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagation, 44(6 Part l):827–835, 1996.
3.
RockahY., and SchultheissP., Array shape calibration using sources in unknown locations–Part II: Near-field sources and estimator implementation. IEEE Trans. on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 35(6):724–735, 1987.
4.
PertiläP., Acoustic Source Localization in a Room Environment and at Moderate Distances. PhD thesis, Tampere University of Technology, 2009.
5.
O'DonovanA.DuraiswamiR., and ZotkinD., Imaging concert hall acoustics using visual and audio cameras. In Proc. of ICASSP, pages 5284–5287, 2008.
6.
TervoS.PätynenJ., and LokkiT., Acoustic Reflection Path Tracing Using A Highly Directional Loudspeaker. In Proc. of WASPAA, pages 245–248, 2009.
7.
GünelB., Room shape and size estimation using directional impulse response measurements. In Proc. of 3rd EAA Congress on Acoustics, Forum Acusticum, 2002.
8.
AntonacciF.ApreaD.SartiA., and TubaroS., Acoustic reconstruction of the geometry of an environment through acquisition of a controlled emission. In Proc. of EUSIPCO, pages 710–714, 2009.
9.
KusterM.de VriesD.HulsebosE.M., and GisolfA., Acoustic imaging in enclosed spaces: Analysis of room geometry modifications on the impulse response. J. Acoust. Soc. of Am., 116:2126–2137, 2004.
10.
KusterM., and de VriesD., Modelling and Order of Acoustic Transfer Functions Due to Reflections from Augmented Objects. EURASIP J. Advances in Signal Processing, 2007. Article ID 30253.
11.
TervoS., and KorhonenT., Estimation of Reflective Surfaces from Continuous Signals. In Proc. of ICASSP, 2010.
12.
AntonacciF.SartiA., and TubaroS., Geometric Reconstruction of the Environment from its Response to Multiple Acoustic Emissions. In Proc. of ICASSP, 2010.
13.
MerimaaJ., Analysis, Synthesis, and Perception of Spatial Sound: Binaural Localization Modeling and Multichannel Loudspeaker Reproduction. PhD thesis, Helsinki University of Technology, 2006.
14.
MerimaaJ., and PulkkiV., Spatial Impulse Response Rendering I: Analysis and Synthesis. J. Audio Eng. Soc., 53(12): 1115–1127, 2005.
15.
KuttruffH., Room acoustics.Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, USA, 2000.
16.
KallingerM.KuechF.Schultz-AmlingR.del GaldoG.AhonenJ., and PulkkiV., Enhanced Direction Estimation Using Microphone Arrays for Directional Audio Coding. In Proc. Hands-Free Speech Communication and Microphone Arrays, pages 45–48, 2008.
17.
MardiaK.V.JuppP.E., and MardiaK.V., Directional statistics.WileyNew York, 2000.
18.
PirinenT., Confidence Scoring of Time Delay Based Direction of Arrival Estimates and a Generalization to Difference Quantities. PhD thesis, Tampere University of Technology, 2009.
19.
TervoS., Direction Estimation Based on Sound Intensity Vectors. In Proc. of EUSIPCO, pages 700–704, 2009.
20.
PertiläP.KorhonenT., and VisaA., Measurement combination for acoustic source localization in a room environment. EURASIP J. Audio, Speech, and Music Processing, 2008. Article ID 278185.
21.
TervoS., and LokkiT., Interpolation methods for the SRP-PHAT algorithm. In Proc. of 11th IWAENC, 2008.
22.
ZhangL., and WuX., On cross correlation based discrete time delay estimation. In Proc. of ICASSP, volume IV, pages 981–984, 2005.
23.
FarinaA., Advancements in impulse response measurements by sine sweeps. In 122th AES Convention, 2007. Paper 7121.
