In this paper, the energy conversions of stationary photovoltaic systems are calculated at different latitudes for 182 days of a year to cover various angular orientation of sun's rays on the earth. On a given day, the incident energy flux of the sun is resolved into three components, and the conversion efficiency is based on the flux normal to the panels. The normalizing value considered is that obtained by the solar tracking process. The results show that, on an average, one can improve the output of the stationary panels by about 66.67% by resorting to tracking. The research points out the loss of energy when the sun is behind the panels at low vertical angles.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BentleyR. W., 2004, “Global Oil Depletion – Methodologies and Results”, Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop On Oil & Gas Depletion Berlin, Germany, May 25–26.
2.
LuqueA.CuevasA., and RuizLM., 1980, “Double-sided n+-p-n+ Solar Cell for Bifacial Concentration”, Sol Cells, Vol. 2, pp. 151–166.
3.
LuqueA.LorenzoE. and SalaG., 1984, “Diffusing Reflectors for Bifacial Photovoltaic Panels”, Sol. Cells, Vol. 13, pp. 277–292.
4.
ForrestS. R., and XueJ., 2005, “Strategies for Solar Energy Power Conversion Using Thin Film Organic Photovoltaic Cells” 31st IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 23–26.
5.
VorobievY.Gonzalez-HernandezJ.VorobievP. and BulatL., 2004, “Thermal-Photovoltaic Solar Hybrid System for Efficient Solar Energy Conversion”, Solar Cells and Solar Energy Materials, pp. 170–176.
6.
HiyamaT.KouzumuS., and ImakuboT., 1995, “Evaluation of Neural Network Based Real Time Maximum Power Tracking Controller for PV Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 10, pp. 543–548.
7.
HusainK. H., and MutaI, and HoshinoT., 1995, “Maximum Photoelectric Power Tracking: An Algorithm for Rapidly Changing Atmospheric Conditions”, IEEE Proceedings, Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, Vol. 142, pp. 59–64.
8.
HuynhP. T., and ChoB. H., 1999, “Design, and Analysis of a Regulated Peak – Power Tracking System”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 84–92.
9.
HuynhP., and ChoB. H.,1996, “Design and Analysis of a Microprocessor – Controlled Peak- Power Tracking System”, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, Vol. 32, pp. 182–190.
10.
BazA.SabryA., and MobarakA., 1984, “On the Tracking Error of a Self – Contained Solar Tracking System”Journal of Solar Energy Journal, Trans. ASME, Vol. 106, pp. 416–422.
11.
FarberK.MorrisonC. A., and IngelyH. A., 1976, “A Self Contained Tracking System” ASME Paper No. 76 – WA/HT – 26, December.
12.
HiyamaT.ShinichiK., and TomofumiI., 1994, “Identification of Optimal Operating Point of PV Modules Using Neural Network for Real Time Maximum Power Tracking Control”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 10, No. 2, June 1995, pp. 360–367.
13.
MaishA. B., 1990, “Performance of a Self Aligning Solar Array Tracking Controller” 21st IEEE Photovoltaic Conference, Kissimimee, Florida, U.S.A., pp. 864–869.
14.
RoK., and RahmanS., 1998, “Two – Loop Controller for Maximizing Performance of a Grid – Connected Photo-Voltaic Cell Hybrid Power Plant”, IEEE Transactions on Energy -ConversionVol. 13, No. 3, pp. 276–281.
15.
SiriK.CaliskanV. A., and LeeC. Q., 1993, “Peak Power Tracking in Parallel Connected Converters”, IEEE Proceedings, Part G, Circuits, Devices, and Systems, Vol. 140, pp. 106–116.
16.
MellitA.BenghanemM.BendekhisM., 2005, “Artificial Neural Network Model for Prediction Solar Radiation Data: Application for Sizing Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Power System”, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, Vol 1, pp. 40–44.
17.
BirdR. E. and RiordanC., 1986, “Simple Solar Spectral Model for Direct and Diffuse Irradiance”, J. Climate AppI. Meteor., Vol. 25, pp. 87–97.
18.
IskenderI, 2005, “A Fuzzy Logic Controlled Power Electronic System for Maximum Power Point Detection of a Solar Energy Panel”, The International Journal for Computation and Mathematics ina## Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Vol 24, n 4, p 1164–1179.
19.
KlutcherT. M., 1979, “Evaluating Model to Predict Insolation on Tilted Surfaces”, Solar Energy, Vol. 23, pp. 111–123.
20.
SatyamurtyV. V., and LahiriP.K., 1992, “Estimation of Symmetric and Asymmetric Hourly Global and Diffuse Radiation from Daily Values”, Solar Energy, Vol. 48, pp. 7–14.
21.
SenZ., 1998, “Fuzzy Algorithm for Estimation of Solar Irradiation from Sunshine Duration”, Solar Energy, Vol. 68, pp. 39–49.
22.
VorobievP. Yu.Gonzalez-HernandezJ., and VorobievY. V., 2004, “Optimization of the Solar Energy Collection in Tracking and Non-Tracking Photovoltaic Solar System”, 2004 1st International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering, ICEEE, pp. 310–314.
23.
CraigJ. J., 2005, “Introduction to Robotics, Mechanics and Control”, Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U. S. A., Ch. 2.
24.
KreiderJ. F., and KreithF., 1979, “Solar Engineering Handbook”, McGraw Hill Book Company, Chs 1, and 2.
25.
KreithF., and BlackW. Z., 1980, “Basic Heat Transfer”, Harper and Row Publishers, New York, Ch. 6.
26.
DuffieJ. A., and BeckmanW. A., 1991, “Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes”, 2 ed., Wiley – Interscience, N.Y., Chs 1, and 2.
