Based on simulations of the German and Austrian electricity systems, the impacts of wind generation on power plant operation are analysed. Accurate forecasts play the major role when integrating wind power because they determine additional reserve capacity as well as any additional imbalance. Additional balancing power can be limited to less than 10 % of the installed wind capacity if improved forecast tools or shorter forecast horizons are used. Additional balancing costs are below 5 € per MWh wind energy depending on the forecast accuracy and the available balancing capacity. Balancing markets need developments which improve the accessibility for demand-side options as simulations have shown potential cost reductions of 25%.
EWEA (2005): “Wind power installed in Europe by the end of 2005 (cumulative)”, published by the European Wind Energy Association (EWEA), available on www.ewea.org
2.
UCTE (2005): “National electricity consumption 2005 and peak load on 3rd Wednesday of December 2005”, published by the Union for the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE), available on www.ucte.org
3.
ILEX (2002): ILEX ENERGY Consulting, StrbacG.: “Quantifying the system costs of additional renewables in 2020”, A report of ILEX Energy Consulting in association with Manchester Center for Electrical Energy (UMIST) for the Department of Trade & Industry (DTI), October 2002.
4.
SwiderD. J.VoβA. (Editors): “Disaggregated system operation cost and grid extension cost caused by intermittent RES-E grid integration”, Report within the EU-project GreenNet-EU27 supported by the European Commission within the research program Intelligent Energy for Europe, Stuttgart, Germany, February 2006, available on www.greennet-europe.org
5.
GrossR.HeptonstallP.AndersonD.GreenT.LeachM.SkeaJ.: “The Costs and Impacts of Intermittency: An assessment of the evidence on the costs and impacts of intermittent generation on the British electricity network”, A report of the Technology and Policy Assessment Function of the UK Energy Research Centre (UKERC), with financial support from the Carbon Trust, Imperial College London, March 2006.
6.
HolttinenH. (2004): “The impact of large scale wind power on the Nordic electricity system”, VTT publications 554 (PhD Thesis), 2004.
7.
Consentec (2003) “Auswirkungen des Windkraftausbaus in Österreich”, A report of Consentec Consulting für Energiewirtschaft und -technik GmbH in association with Institut für Elektrische Anlagen und Energiewirtschaft der RWTH Aachen and Forschungsgemeinschaft für Elektrische Anlagen und Stromwirtschaft e.V. commissioned by E-Control GmbH, Final Report, June 2003.
8.
TogebyM.: “Demand response in practice”, Newsletter for the conference on “Enhancing and Developing Demand Response in the Energy Markets”, 27 May 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark.
9.
UCTE: “National electricity consumption and peak load” available on www.ucte.org visited 21.2.2005.
10.
E-Control: “Betriebsstatistik 2003, täglicher Belastungsablauf” available on www.e-control.at visited 23.12.2005.
SensfussF.RagwitzM.WietschelM. (2003) “Fluktuationen der Windenergie und deren Vorhersagbarkeit bei einem verstärkten Ausbau des Offshore Anteils in Deutschland bis 2020”, Fraunhofer Institute Systems and Innovation Research, Proceedings IEWT 2003.
13.
DurstewitzM.. (2004) “Wind Energy Report Germany 2004”Kassel: ISET on behalf of Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit.
14.
MantzosL.CaprosP.KouvaritakisN.Zeka-PaschouM.ChesshireJ.GuilmotJ.F.: “European Energy and Transport Trends to 2030”, Publication by National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) for the Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (DG TREN), Belgium, January 2003.
15.
Dena (2005) “Energiewirtschaftliche Planung für die Netzintegration von Windenergie in Deutschland an Land und Offshore bis zum Jahr 2020”, A report of Energiewirtschaftliches Institut, Cologne (EWI) in association with E.ON Netz, RWE Transportnetz Strom, VE Transmission, DEWI commissioned by Deutschen Energie Agentur (DENA), February 2005.
16.
ErnstB. (2003) “Entwicklung eines Windleistungsprognosemodells zur Verbesserung der Kraftwerkseinsatzplanung”, PhD Thesis, ISET, University Kassel, 2003.
17.
BiermannK.CaliU.FüllerG.HauboldR.HeinzeD.HerrmannO.JursaR.LangeB.MoradiJ.RohrigK.SchlüglF.SüldnerS. (2005): “Entwicklung eines Rechenmodells zur Windleistungsprognose für das Gebiet des deutschen Verbundnetzes”, A report of the Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISET), University Kassel for the German Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), October 2005.
18.
Consentec (2004) “Abschätzung der Ausgleichsenergiekosten der Öko-Bilanzgruppenverantwortlichen für das Jahr 2005” a report of Consulting für Energiewirtschaft und–technik (Consentec) for E-Control available at www.e-control.at
19.
Steag (2006) personal communication with STEAG Saarenergie providing demand side options for the German minute reserve market.
