This paper compares two flagship policies in the area of energy efficient building refurbishment, the German CO2-Building Rehabilitation Programme and the Green Deal in the UK. Although both policies are essentially loan programmes to finance energy efficiency measures, the nature of the two policies is very different regarding scope, financial architecture, integration with other policies, and carbon reductions. The paper draws out the main differences of the programmes as well as similarities.
HayesS.YoungR. and SciortinoM., The 2012 ACEEE International Energy Efficiency Scorecard, ACEEE, Washington, 2012.
2.
IEA, Financing Energy Efficient Homes, IEA, Paris, 2007.
3.
MurphyL.MeijerF. and VisscherH., Effective National Energy Performance Instruments for Existing Dwellings? Lessons from Front-Runners, Proceedings of Retrofit 2012 Conference, Salford Quays 24–26 January, (2012).
4.
LoweR., Policy and strategy challenges for climate change and building stocks, Building Research & Information, 2009, 37 (2), 206–212.
5.
BoonekampP.G., and EichhammerW., Applied policy measures for energy savings in end-use sectors in EU countries: What is best?, Proceedings of the ECEEE Summer Study 2007, 2007, 263–273.
6.
DiefenbachN.LogaT.GabrielJ. and FetteM., Monitoring der KfW-Programme„Energieeffizient Sanieren” 2010 und”Ökologisch / Energieeffizient Bauen” 2006–2010, Bremer Energie Institut, Bremen, 2011.
7.
BürgerV.RohdeCEichhammerW. and SchlomannB., Energieeinsparquote für Deutschland? Bewertung des Instruments der Energieeinsparquote (Weiße Zertifikate) auf seine Eignung als Klimaschutzinstrument für Deutschland, Öko-Institut, Freiburg, 2012.
8.
FullerM.KunkelC.ZimringM.HoffmanI.SoroyeK.L. and GoldmanC., Driving Demand for Home Energy Improvements, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 2010.
9.
FullerM.C.PortisS.C. and KammenD.M., Toward a Low-Carbon Economy: Municipal Financing for Energy Efficiency and Solar Power, Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development, 2009, 51(1), 22–33.
10.
JohnsonK.WilloughbyG.ShimodaW. and VolkerM., Lessons learned from the field: Key strategies for implementing successful on-the-bill financing programs, Energy Efficiency, 2012, 5(1), 109–119.
11.
BirdS. and HernándezD., Policy options for the split incentive: Increasing energy efficiency for low-income renters, Energy Policy, 2012, 48, 506–514.
12.
JewellM., The growing popularity of on-bill financing, Engineered Systems, 2009, 26(9), 18–20.
13.
DECC, The Green Deal and Energy Company Obligation. Consultation document, DECC, London, 2011.
14.
BPIE, Europe's Buildings under the Microscope. A country-by-country review of the energy performance of buildings, BPIE, Brussels, 2011.
15.
SchroederM.EkinsP.PowerA.ZulaufM. and LoweR.J., The KfW experience in the reduction of energy use in and CO2 emissions from buildings: Operation, impacts and lessons for the UK, UCL Energy Institute, University College London and LSE Housing and Communities, London School of Economics, London, 2011.
16.
BundestagDeutscher, Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Michael Groß, Uwe Beckmeyer, Sören Bartol, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion der SPD – Drucksache 17/5546 – Energetische Gebäudesanierungsprogramme. Drucksache 17/5817, in, 2011.
17.
RosenowJ., The Politics of the German CO2 Building Rehabilitation Programme, Energy Efficiency, (published online 30 December 2012).
BMVBS, Wohnen und Bauen in Zahlen. 2010/2011, BMVBS, Berlin, 2011.
20.
RosenowJ., Energy Savings Obligations in the UK – A History of Change, Energy Policy, 2012, 49, 373–382.
21.
RosenowJ., Different Paths of Change: Home Energy Efficiency Policy in Britain and Germany, in: ECEEE Summer Study 2011, Belambra Presqu'île de Giens, France, 2011, pp. 261–272.
22.
DECC, UK Report on Articles 4 and 14 of the EU End-use Efficiency and Energy Services Directive (ESD). Update on progress against the 2007 UK National Energy Efficiency Action Plan, DECC, London, 2011.
23.
LeesE., Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Commitment 2005–08, Eoin Lees Energy, Wantage, 2008.
24.
LeesE., Evaluation of the Energy Efficiency Commitment 2002–05, Eoin Lees Energy, Wantage, 2006.
25.
EyreN., Energy efficiency in liberalised markets – implications for a low carbon future, in: BIEE 8th Academic Conference, Oxford, 2010.
26.
DECC, Final Stage Impact Assessment for the Green Deal and Energy Company Obligation, DECC, London, 2012.
27.
DECC, The Green Deal and Energy Company Obligation: Government Response to the November 2011 Consultation, DECC, London, 2012.
28.
DECC and Energy Saving Trust, Home Energy Pay As You Save Pilot Review, DECC, London, 2011.
29.
SchimscharS.BlokK.BoermansT. and HermelinkA., Germany's path towards nearly zero-energy buildings—Enabling the greenhouse gas mitigation potential in the building stock, Energy Policy, 2011, 39(6), 3346–3360.
30.
KfW, Anlage zu den Merkblättern der Programme Energieeffizient Sanieren - Kredit (151/152) und Energieeffizient Sanieren - Investitionszuschuss (430). Stand: 04/2012, in, 2012.
31.
KfW, Merkblatt Bauen, Wohnen, Energie sparen. Energieeffizient Sanieren - Kredit. Stand 10/2012, 2012.
32.
UBA and KfW, Climate and energy policy in Germany: Mechanisms to encourage private sector investment/participation in low-carbon development. A case study of Germany's building sector. Paper produced for the OECD – WPCID, UBA and KfW, Dessau; Frankfurt, 2012.
33.
KfW, Anlage zu den Merkblättern der Programme Energieeffizient Sanieren - Kredit (151/152) und Energieeffizient Sanieren - Investitionszuschuss (430). Technische Mindestanforderungen. Stand: 03/2013, 2012.
34.
KfW, CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramm erweitert: Neben der verbesserten Darlehensförderung startet am 1.1.2007 eine Zuschussvariante, 2006.
35.
DECC, Which energy efficiency improvements qualify for Green Deal Finance?, DECC, London, 2012.
36.
HM Government, The Building Regulations 2010. Part L - Conservation of fuel and power, NBS, London, 2010.
37.
BRE, The Government's Standard Assessment Procedure for Energy Rating of Dwellings, 2009 edition, incorporating RdSAP 2009, BRE, Garston, 2009.
38.
DECC, National Energy Efficiency Data Framework. Report on the development of the data-framework and initial analysis, DECC, London, 2011.
39.
DCLG, English housing survey: Homes web tables 2010, 2012.
40.
GalvinR., Thermal upgrades of existing homes in Germany: The building code, subsidies, and economic efficiency, Energy and Buildings, 2010, 42, 834–844.
41.
WeissJ.DunkelbergE. and VogelpohlT., Improving policy instruments to better tap into homeowner refurbishment potential: Lessons learned from a case study in Germany, Energy Policy, 2012, 44(0), 406–415.
42.
RosenowJ. and EyreN., The Green Deal and the Energy Company Obligation – will it work?, in: 9th BIEE Academic Conference, Oxford, 2012.
43.
BMWi and BMU, Energiekonzept. Neun Punkte für eine umweltschonende, zuverlässige und bezahlbare Energieversorgung. Entwurf vom 7. September 2010, BMWi & BMU, Berlin, 2010.
44.
GalvinR., German Federal policy on thermal renovation of existing homes: A policy evaluation, Sustainable Cities and Society, 2012, 4, 58–66.
Deutsche Bundesbank, Zinssätze für das Neugeschäft der deutschen Banken (MFIs). Kredite an private Haushalte, 2012.
47.
DiefenbachN.EnselingA.LogaT.HertleH.JahnD., and DuschaM., Beiträge der EnEV und des KfW-CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms zum Nationalen Klimaschutzprogramm, Institut Wohnen und Umwelt GmbH, Darmstadt, 2005.
48.
RichterN., Energetische Gebäudesanierung Anforderungen an ein rasch wirksames Programm für Umwelt und Arbeit, Hans-Böckler-Stiftung, Düsseldorf, 2006.
Ipsos MORI, Consumer Needs and Wants for the Green Deal. Researching the consumer response to the Green Deal proposition amongst homeowners and small businesses, DECC, London, 2011.
52.
ERA, ERA briefing note for Government and potential Green Deal financiers on energy debt collection processes, 2011.
Green Investment Bank Commission, Unlocking investment to deliver Britain's low carbon future, Green Investment Bank Commission, London, 2010.
56.
BIS, Update on the design of the Green Investment Bank, BIS, London, 2011.
57.
DECC, Important next steps for the Green Deal, 2012.
58.
RosenowJ.PlattR. and FlanaganB., Fuel poverty and energy savings obligations: Natural bedfellows or enemies?, in: Fuel poverty in policy and practice - a postgraduate symposium, University of Sheffield, 2012.
59.
KleemannM.HecklerR.KraftA. and KuckshinrichsW., Klimaschutz und Beschäftigung durch das KfW-Programm zur CO2-Minderung und das KfW-CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramm, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, 2003.
60.
IER and PROGNOS, Analyse der Wirksamkeit von CO2-Minderungsmaßnahmen im Energiebereich und ihre Weiterentwicklung, Prognos, Basel, 2004.
61.
ClausnitzerK.D.GabrielJ.DiefenbachN.LogaT. and WosniokW., Ermittlung von Effekten des KfW-CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms. Entwicklung der Methodik und Ergebnisse der Berichtsperioden 2005 und 2006, Bremer Energie Institut, Bremen, 2007.
62.
ClausnitzerK.D.GabrielJ.DiefenbachN.LogaT. and WosniokW., Effekte des CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms 2007, Bremer Energie Institut, Bremen, 2008.
63.
ClausnitzerK.D.GabrielJ.DiefenbachN.LogaT. and WosniokW., Effekte des CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms 2008, Bremer Energie Institut, Bremen, 2009.
64.
ClausnitzerK.D.FetteM.GabrielJ.DiefenbachN.LogaT. and WosniokW., Effekte der Förderfälle des Jahres 2009 des CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms und des Programms„Energieeffizient Sanieren”, Bremer Energie Institut, Bremen, 2010.
65.
GabrielJ. and BalmertD., Effekte des CO2-Gebäudesanierungsprogramms 2005 und 2006. Zusatzauswertung Dezember 2007, Bremer Energie Institut, Bremen, 2007.
66.
RosenowJ., Energy efficiency policy in Germany and the UK, in: UrbanFNordensvardF (eds) Low Carbon Development: Key Issues, Earthscan, Oxford, forthcoming 2013.
67.
UBA, Ökonomische Bewertung von Umweltschäden. Methodenkonvention zur Schätzung externer Umweltkosten, UBA, Dessau, 2007.
68.
DECC, A brief guide to the carbon valuation methodology for UK policy appraisal, DECC, London, 2011.
69.
HillsJ., Getting the measure of fuel poverty. Final Report of the Fuel Poverty Review, DECC, London, 2012.
70.
EyreN.RosenowJ.WadeJ.WilsonC. and LoweB., UKERC Green Deal Response, UKERC, London, 2012.
71.
SWB, Aus Liebe zum Klima! BonnKlimA++. Jetzt die Umwelt schonen und dabei Energie und Geld sparen., SWB, Bonn, 2012.