Icing of wind turbines happens occasionally at different latitudes and locations in the world and consequently affects the wind turbine fatigue loads. Large ice accretion may cause wind turbine vibration due to uneven ice shedding, which could lead to structural failures in addition to hazardous issues accompanied with ice being shed off wind turbine blades. In this paper, a review study of the effects of ice accretion on the structural behavior of the wind turbines is presented.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
SailorD. J.SmithM.HartM., Climate Change Implications for Wind Power Resources in the Northwest United States. Renewable Energy, 2008. 33: P. 2393–2406.
PerovicS.OsborneM.LloydG.BridgesP.. Intelligent Blade Ice Detection and Measurement. inEuropean Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition. 2010. Warsaw, Poland.
4.
SeifertH.WesterhellwegA.KröningJ.. Risk Analysis Of Ice Throw From Wind Turbines. inBOREAS 6. 2003. Pyhä, Finland.
5.
FuP.FarzanehM., A CFD Approach for Modeling the Rime-Ice Accretion Process on a Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine. J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn., 2010. 98: P. 181–188.
6.
BoseN., Icing on a small horizontal-axis wind turbine-Part 1: Glazing profiles. Journal of Wing Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 1992. 45: P. 75–85.
7.
TammelinB.CavaliereM.HolttinenH.MorganC.SeifertH.SänttiK., Wind Energy Production In Cold Climate, inWECO, T.E. Commission, Editor 1998: Copenhagen, Denmark.
8.
VirkM. S.HomolaM. C.NicklassonP. J., Atmospheric icing on large wind turbine blades. International Journal of Energy and Environment (IJEE), 2012. 3: P. 1–8.
9.
FrohboeseP.a.A. A., Effects of Icing on Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads. Conference Series 75. 2007, Journal of Physics., 2007. 75(1–14).
10.
ISO, Atmospheric Icing of Structures, I. International Standardisation Organisation, Editor 2001.
11.
CobbleM. H.FangP. C., Finite Transformation Solution of the Damped Cantilever Beam Equation Having Distributed Load, Elastic Support, and the Wall Edge Elastically restrained Against Rotation. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1976. 6(2): P. 187–198.
12.
ParnellL. A.CobbleM. H., Lateral Displacements of a Cantilever Beam with a Concentrated Mass. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1976. 44(4): P. 499–511.
13.
LowK. H., Closed Form Formulas for Fundamental Vibration Frequency of Beams under off Centre Load. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1997. 201(4): P. 417–422.
14.
LiuT.R.A.R.Y.S., Vibration and flutter of wind turbine blade modeled as anisotropic thin-walled closed-section beam. Sci China Tech Sci, 2011. 54(3): P. 715–722.
15.
ArriganJ.PakrashiV.BasuB.NagarajaiahS., Control of flapwise vibrations in wind turbine blades using semi-active tuned mass dampers. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2011. 18(8): P. 840–851.
16.
LiJ.ChenJ.ChenX., Aerodynamic response analysis of wind turbines. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology, 2010. 25(1): P. 89–95.
17.
HansenM. H.FuglsangP.ThomsenK.KnudsenT., Two methods for estimating aeroelastic damping of operational wind turbine modes from experiments. Wind & Solar Energy, 2006. 9(1–2).
18.
ArriganJ.PakrashiV.BasuB.NagarajaiahS., Control of flapwise vibrations in wind turbine blades using semiactive tuned mass dampers. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 2011. 18: P. 1–38.
19.
De-JinH.Hao-JiangD.Wei-QiuC., Analytical solution for functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam subjected to linearly distributed load. Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, 2007. 28(7): P. 855–860.
20.
HansenM. H., Improved Modal Dynamics of Wind Turbines to Avoid Stall-induced Vibrations. Wind Energy, 2003. 6(2): P. 179–195.
21.
MurtaghP. J.GhoshA.BasuB.BroderickB.M., Passive Control of Wind Turbine Vibrations Including Blade/Tower Interaction and Rotationally Sampled Turbulence. Wind Energy, 2007. 11(4): P. 305–317.
22.
JonkmanJ.ButterfieldS.MusialW.ScottG., Definition of a 5-MW Reference Wind Turbine for Offshore System Development, N.R.E. Laboratory, Editor 2009.
23.
ManuelL.VeersP. S.WintersteiS. R., Parametric Models For Estimating Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads For Design, inProceedings of the 20th ASME Wind Energy Symposium, A.A.S. Meeting, Editor 2001, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering. p. 346–355.
24.
OzbekM. F. M.RixenD. J.ToorenM. J. L., Van Identification of the Dynamics of Large Wind Turbines by Using Photogrammetry, inConference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, S.f.E.M. Inc, Editor 2010: Jacksonville, Florida, USA. p. 351–359.
25.
HochartC.FortinG.PerronJ.AderianI., Wind turbine performance under icing condition Wind Energy. Wind Energy, 2008. 11(4): P. 319–333.
26.
WangX.BibeauE. L.NatererG. F.Experimental Investigation of Energy Losses due to Icing of a Wind Turbine. inInternational Conference on Power Engineering. 2007. Hangzhou, China.
27.
KrajA. G.BibeauE. L., Phases of icing on wind turbine blades characterized by ice accumulation. Renewable Energy, 2010. 35: P. 966–972.
28.
OlivierP.a.I. A., Anti-icing and de-icing techniques for wind turbines: Critical review. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2011. 65: P. 88–96.
29.
DaliliN.EdrisyA.CarriveauR., A review of surface engineering issues critical to wind turbine performance. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009. 13: P. 428–438.
30.
FuP.FarzanehM.BouchardG., Two-dimensional modelling of the ice accretion process on transmission line wire sand cables. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 2006. 46(3): P. 132–146.
31.
HulleF.J.L., Verification of Design Loads for Small Wind Turbines, Final report JOULE II, 1996, Project CT93–0423: P. ECN, Netherlands.
32.
AntikainenP. P.S.LaaksoT.PeltolaE., Modeling, verification and classification of ice loads in wind turbines, B. VI, Editor 2003: Pyhätunturi, Finland.
33.
SeifertH.RichertF.Aerodynamics of Iced Airfoils and Their influence on Loads and Power Production. inThe European Wind Energy Conference. 1997. Dublin Castle, Ireland.
34.
FrohboeseP.AndersA., Effects of Icing on Wind Turbine Fatigue Loads. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 2007. 75, 012061.
35.
MorganC.BossanyiE.SeifertH., Assessment of Safety Risks Arising from Wind Turbine Icing, inBOREAS IV1998: Hetta, Finland.
36.
ColbyD., The Health Impact of Wind Turbines: A Review of the Current White, Grey, and Published Literature, C.-K.P.H. Unit, Editor 2008: Chatham Ontario, Canda. p. 1–26.
37.
MaissanT.M., The Effects of the Black Blades on Surface Temperatures for Wind Turbines, in W.A.T. J., Editor 2001, Université du Québec à Rimouski: Canada.
38.
MakkonenL., Estimation of Wet Snow Accretion on Structures. Cold Regions Science and Technology, 1988. 17: P. 83–88.
39.
LaaksoT.e.a, State-of-the-art of wind energy in cold climates, 2010, vtt.fi/reports/State Of The Art Of Cold Climate 2009. pdf. Accessed May 2010., VTT, Editor 2009.
40.
WalshM., Accretion and Removal of Wind Turbine Icing in Polar Conditions, in Department of Applied Mechanics2010, AALTO UNIVERSITY: Hilsinki, Finland.
41.
DobeschH.e.a, Physical processes, modelling, and measuring of icing effects in Europe, E.a.S.D.Ö.B.z.M.u.G.Z.f.M.u.G.N. Energy, Editor 2005, EU, contract NNE5/2001/259: Vienna, Austria.
42.
SundinaE.a.M. L., Ice Loads on a Lattice Tower Estimated by Weather Station Data. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 1998. 37: P. 523–529.
43.
KollárL. E.FarzanehM., Wind-tunnel investigation of icing of an inclined cylinder. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2010. 53(5–6): P. 849–861.
44.
JohnF.Wind Power Development in Sub-Arctic Conditions with Severe Rime Icing. inCircumpolar Climate Change Summi tand Exposition. 2001. Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada.
GananderH.a.R. G.Design Load Aspects due to Ice Loading on Wind Turbine Blades. inBOREAS VI Conference. 2003. Pyhätunturi, Finland.
47.
DuttaP.K.a.H. D.Effects of Cold Regions Environment on Structural Composites. inProceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Technology in Experimental Mechanics. 1997. Tokyo, Japan.
48.
LeBlancM. P., Recommendations for Risk Assessments of Ice Throw And Blade Failure in Ontario, G.H.C. Inc, Editor 2007, Canadian Wind Energy Association: Canada.
HetmanczykS.HeinonenJ.StrobelM., Dynamic ice load model in overall simulation of offshore wind turbines, inInternational Offshore and Polar Engineering Conference2011: Maui/Hawaii, USA. p. 347–352.
54.
KärnäT.a.K. K.Mitigation of Dynamic Ice Actions on Offshore Wind Turbines. inThird European Conference on Structural Control, 3ECSC. 2004. Vienna, Austria.
55.
ChenL.-W.KuD.- M., Dynamic Stability Analysis of a Rotating Shaft By the Finite Element Method. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1990. 143(1): P. 143–151.
56.
VenkatesanC.A.N. V. T., Non-Linear Flapping Vibrations of Rotating Blades. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 1982. 84(4): P. 549–556.
57.
MaalawiK. Y.NegmH. M., Optimal Frequency Design of Wind Turbine Blades. Journal of Wing Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 2002. 90: P. 961–986.
58.
AttarnejadR.On The Derivation of Geometric Stiffness and Consistent Mass Matrices for Non-Prismatic Eulerbernoulli Beam Elements. inEuropean Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. 2000. Barcelona, Spain.
59.
ZhiquanY.HaominM.NengshengB.YanC.KangD., Structure Dynamic Analysis of a Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine System Using a Modal Analysis MethodWind engineering, 2001. 25(4): P. 237–248.
60.
AttafB.Vibrational analyses of fibre-reinforced composite wind turbine blades. inInternational Symposium on Environment Friendly Energies in Electrical Applications. 2010. Ghardaïa, Algeria.
61.
BattistiL.FedrizziRBrighentiA.LaaksoT., Sea ice and icing risk for offshore wind turbines, inOwemes2006: Citavecchia, Italy. p. 1–10.
62.
KraemerP.A.F. C. P.Aspects of Operational Modal Analysis for Structures of Offshore Wind Energy Plants. inConference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics, IMAC-XXVIII2011. Jacksonville, Florida USA.
63.
ZhangZ., Wind turbine vibration study: A data driven methodology, 2009, University of Iowa.
64.
DuttonA. G.HallidayJ.A.BlachM. J., The feasibility of building-mounted/integrated wind turbines: Achieving their potential for carbon emission reductions, C.T. (2002-07-028-1-6), Editor 2005. p. 1–109.
65.
WahlD.a.G. P., Ice Shedding and Ice Throw – Risk and Mitigation, G. Energy, Editor 2006, GE: Greenville, SC, USA.
66.
HameedaZ.HongaY. S.ChoaY. M.AhnbS. H.SongC. K., Condition monitoring and fault detection of wind turbines and related algorithms: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2009. 13(1): P. 1–39.
