Abstract
Since air quality is a major public health concern, especially in urban areas, the use of alternative fuels for vehicular applications has been strongly encouraged. Of these fuels, hydrogen is the only one that can produce zero emission through fuel cells. However, the storage of such a very light and highly combustible gas has yet to be solved.
Only adsorption storage is discussed in the present paper. It should be recalled that no material has been capable of meeting the recommended targets to date. Recent progresses in preparing suitable carbon structures for hydrogen storage are described, and new routes for characterising and correspondingly improving the micropore texture are explored.
References
1.
Brunauer
S.
Emmett
P.H.
Teller
E.
(1938 ) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 60 , 309 .
2.
Carrott
P.J.M.
Carrott
M.M.L. Ribeiro
(1999 ) Carbon 37 , 647 .
3.
Celzard
A.
Fierro
V.
(2005 ) Energy Fuels 19 , 573 .
4.
Celzard
A.
Albiniak
A.
Jasienko-Halat
M.
Marêché
J.F.
Furdin
G.
(2005 ) Carbon 43 , 1990 .
5.
Conard
J.
(2001 ) Ann. Chim.- Sci. Mat. 26 , 107 .
6.
de la Casa-Lillo
M.A.
Lamari-Darkrim
F.
Cazorla-Amorós
D.
Linares-Solano
A.
(2002a ) J. Phys. Chem. B 106 , 10 930 .
7.
de la Casa-Lillo
M.A.
Moore
B.C.
Cazorla-Amoros
D.
Linares-Solano
A.
(2002b ) Carbon 40 , 2489 .
8.
Dubinin
M.M.
Astakhov
V.A.
(1971 ) Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Ser. Khim. 5 .
9.
Dubinin
M.M.
Zaverina
E.D.
Radushkevich
L.V.
(1947 ) Zh. Fiz. Khim. 21 , 1351 .
10.
Froudakis
G.E.
(2001 ) Nanolett . 1 , 531 .
11.
Gregg
S.J.
Sing
K.S.W.
(1982 ) Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity , Academic Press , London .
12.
Han
S.S.
Kim
H.S.
Han
K.S.
Lee
J.Y.
Lee
H.M.
Kang
J.K.
Woo
S.I.
van Duin
A.C.T.
Goddard
W.A.
III
(2005 ) Appl. Phys. Lett. 87 , 213 113 .
13.
Hérold
A.
Lagrange
P.
(1977 ) Mater. Sci. Eng. 31 , 33 .
14.
Hérold
A.
Lelaurain
M.
Marêché
J.F.
(1991 ) C.R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II 312 , 361 .
15.
Hérold
A.
Lelaurain
M.
McRae
E.
Marêché
J.F.
(1992 ) Mater. Sci. Forum 91/93 , 89 .
16.
Jagiello
J.
Thommes
M.
(2004 ) Carbon 42 , 1227 .
17.
Kaneko
K.
(2000 ) Carbon 42 , 287 .
18.
Kawabuchi
Y.
Kawano
S.
Mochida
I.
(1996 ) Carbon 34 , 711 .
19.
Kowalczyk
P.
Holyst
R.
Terzyk
A.P.
Gauden
P.A.
(2006 ) Langmuir 22 , 1970 .
20.
Lagrange
P.
Guérard
D.
Marêché
J.F.
(1987 ) J. Less-Common Met . 131 , 371 .
21.
Lagrange
P.
Métrot
A.
Hérold
A.
(1974 ) C.R. Acad. Sci., Ser. C 278 , 701 .
22.
Darkrim
F. Lamari
Malbrunot
P.
Tartaglia
G.P.
(2002 ) Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 27 , 193 .
23.
Lee
H.
Kang
Y.S.
Kim
S.H.
Lee
J.Y.
(2002 ) Appl. Phys. Lett. 80 , 577 .
24.
Lillo-Ródenas
M.A.
Cazorla-Amorós
D.
Linares-Solano
A.
(2003 ) Carbon 41 , 267 .
25.
Lillo-Ródenas
M.A.
Cazorla-Amorós
D.
Linares-Solano
A.
(2004a ) Carbon 42 , 1299 .
26.
Lillo-Ródenas
M.A.
Juan-Juan
J.
Cazorla-Amorós
D.
Linares-Solano
A.
(2004b ) Carbon 42 , 1365 .
27.
Los
S.
Letellier
M.
Azaïs
P.
Duclaux
L.
(2006 ) J. Phys. Chem. Solids 67 , 1182 .
28.
Lozano-Castello
D.
Alcañiz-Monge
J.
Cazorla-Amorós
D.
Linares-Solano
A.
Zhu
W.
Kapteijn
F.
Moulijn
J.A.
(2005 ) Carbon 43 , 1643 .
29.
Maresca
O.
Pellenq
R.J.M.
Marinelli
F.
Conard
J.
(2004 ) J. Chem. Phys. 121 , 12 548 .
30.
Nijkamp
M.G.
Raaymakers
J.E.M.J.
van Dillen
A.J.
de Jong
K.P.
(2001 ) Appl. Phys. A 72 , 619 .
31.
Oberlin
A.
(1989 ) Chem. Phys. Carbon 22 , 1 .
32.
Patchkovskii
S.
Tse
J.S.
Yurchenko
S.N.
Zhechkov
L.
Heine
T.
Seifert
G.
(2005 ) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 , 10 439 .
33.
Pellenq
R.J.-M.
Maresca
O.
Marinelli
F.
Duclaux
L.
Azaïs
P.
Conard
J.
(2006 ) L'Actual. Chim. (France) 295/296 , 82 .
34.
Perrin
A.
Celzard
A.
Albiniak
A.
Kaczmarczyk
J.
Marêché
J.F.
Furdin
G.
(2004a ) Carbon 42 , 2855 .
35.
Perrin
A.
Celzard
A.
Albiniak
A.
Jasienko-Halat
M.
Marêché
J.F.
Furdin
G.
(2005 ) Microporous Mesoporous Mater . 81 , 31 .
36.
Perrin
A.
Celzard
A.
Marêché
J.F.
Albiniak
A.
Furdin
G.
(2004b ) Presentation at Carbon '04 Int. Conf. , Providence, RI, U.S.A.
37.
Pez
G.P.
Steyert
W.A.
(1986 ) US Pat. 4 580 404 .
38.
Radhakrishnan
R.
Gubbins
K.
Watanabe
A.
Kaneko
K.
(1999 ) J. Chem. Phys. 111 , 9058 .
39.
Rodriguez-Reinoso
F.
Molina-Sabio
M.
(1998 ) Adv. Colloid Interface Sci . 76/77 , 27 .
40.
Rouzaud
J.N.
Beyssac
O.
Brunet
F.
Le Guillou
C.
Goffé
B.
Cacciaguarra
T.
Laval
J.Y.
(2006 ) L'Actual. Chim. (France) 295/296 , 11 .
41.
Rzepka
M.
Lamp
P.
de la Casa-Lillo
M.A.
(1998 ) J. Phys. Chem. B 102 , 10 894 .
42.
Setoyama
N.
Kaneko
K.
Rodriguez-Reinoso
F.
(1996 ) J. Phys. Chem. 100 , 10 331 .
43.
Sing
K.S.W.
Everett
D.H.
Haul
R.A.W.
Moscou
L.
Pierotti
R.A.
Rouquerol
J.
Siemieniewska
T.
(1985 ) Pure Appl. Chem. 57 , 603 .
44.
Stoeckli
H.F.
(1990 ) Carbon 28 , 1 .
45.
Stoeckli
H.F.
(1995 ) in Porosity in Carbons ,
Patrick
J.W.
, Ed, Edward Arnold , London , p. 67 .
46.
Stoeckli
H.F.
Guillot
A.
Hugi-Cleary
D.
Slasli
A.M.
(2000 ) Carbon 38 , 929 .
47.
Texier-Mandoki
N.
Dentzer
J.
Piquero
T.
Saadallah
S.
David
P.
Vix-Guterl
C.
(2004 ) Carbon 42 , 2744 .
48.
Thomy
A.
Duval
X.
(1981 ) Surf. Sci. Rep. 1 , 1 .
49.
Thomy
A.
Duval
X.
(1994 ) Surf. Sci. 299/300 , 415 .
50.
Wang
Q.
Johnson
J.K.
(1999 ) J. Chem. Phys. 110 , 577 .
51.
Watanabe
A.
Iiyama
T.
Kaneko
K.
(1999 ) J. Chem. Phys. 305 , 71 .
52.
Watanabe
K.
Kondow
T.
Soma
M.
Onishi
T.
Tamaru
K.
(1973 ) Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 333 , 51 .
53.
Zhan
L.
Li
K.X.
Zhu
X.
Lv
C.
Ling
L.
(2002 ) Carbon 40 , 445 .
54.
Zhan
L.
Li
K.X.
Zhang
R.
Liu
Q.F.
Lü
C.X.
Ling
L.C.
(2004 ) J. Supercrit. Fluids 28 , 37 .
55.
Zhao
X.B.
Xiao
B.
Fletcher
A.J.
Thomas
K.M.
(2005 ) J. Phys. Chem. B 109 , 8880 .
56.
Zhou
L.
Zhou
Y.
(1998 ) Chem. Eng. Sci. 53 , 2531 .
57.
Zhou
Z.
Gao
X.
Yan
J.
Song
D.
(2006 ) Carbon 44 , 939 .
58.
Zhu
Z.H.
Lu
G.Q.
Lin
J.
Tan
K.L.
(1999 ) Science 285 , 91 .