Computed tomography may be the imaging modality of choice for diagnosing haemorrhage after trauma; however, it has limited availability in veterinary medicine, requires sedation or anaesthesia to restrain the animal, and is expensive. Ultrasound, in many situations, offers a portable, rapid and economic alternative. This article reviews the use of ultrasound by veterinary surgeons in the emergency setting. Both thoracic and abdominal applications are described.
OllertonJE, SugrueM, PenningtonSD, Prospective study to evaluate the influence of FAST on trauma patient management. J Trauma2006;60:785–91
2.
BlackbourneLH, SofferD, Mc KenneyM, Secondary ultrasound examination increases the sensitivity of the FAST exam in blunt trauma. J Trauma2004;57:934–8
3.
KnudstonJL, DortJM, JonathanM, Surgeon-performed ultrasound for pneumothorax in the trauma suite. J Trauma2004;56:527–30
4.
TayalVS, BeattyMA, MarxJA, FAST (focused assessment with sonography in trauma) accurate for cardiac and intraperitoneal injury in penetrating anterior chest trauma. J Ultrasound Med2004;23:2467–72
5.
RowanKR, KirkpatrickAW, LiuD, Traumatic pneumothorax detection with thoracic ultrasound: correlation with chest radiography and CT – initial experience. Radiology2002;225:210–4
RozyckiGS, BallardRB, FelicianoDV, PenningtonSD. Surgeon-performed ultrasound for the assessment of truncal injuries: lessons learned from 1540 patients. Ann Surg1998; 228:557–67
8.
LisciandroGR, LagutchikMS, MannKA, Evaluation of an abdominal fluid scoring system determined using abdominal focused assessment with sonography for trauma (AFAST) in 101 dogs with motor vehicle trauma. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2009; 19:426–37
9.
LisciandroGR, LagutchikMS, MannKA, Evaluation of a thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma (TFAST) protocol to detect pneumothorax and concurrent thoracic injury in 145 traumatized dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2008;18:258–69
10.
ThomasB, FalconeRE, VasquezD, Ultrasound evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma: program implementation, initial experience, and learning curve. J Trauma1997;42:384–90
11.
WherrettLJ, BoulangerBR, McLellanBA, Hypotension after blunt abdominal trauma: the role of emergent abdominal sonography in surgical triage. J Trauma1996;41:815–20
12.
BoysenSR, RozanskiEA, TidwellAS, Evaluation of a focused assessment with sonography for trauma protocol to detect free abdominal fluid in dogs involved in motor vehicle accidents. J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1198–204
13.
PerisA, TutinoL, ZagliG, The use of point-of-care bedside lung ultrasound significantly reduces the number of radiographs and computerized tomography scans in critically ill patients. Anesth Analg2010;111:687–92
14.
HeroldLV, DeveyJJ, KirbyR, RadloffE. Clinical evaluation and management of hemoperitoneum dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2008;18:40–53
15.
LisciandroGR. Abdominal and thoracic focused assessment with sonography for trauma, triage, and monitoring in small animals. J Vet Emerg Crit Care2011;21:104–22
16.
RozyckiGS, RootDH. The diagnosis of intraabdominal visceral injury. J Trauma2010;68:1019–23
17.
BallCG, WilliamsBH, WyrzykowskiAD, A caveat to the performance of pericardial ultrasound in patients with penetrating cardiac wounds. J Trauma2009;67:1123–4
18.
TestermanGM. Surgeon-performed ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of pericardial tamponade in a 20-month-old blunt injured toddler. Tenn Med2006;9:937–41
19.
LichtensteinDA, MeziereG, LascolsN, Ultrasound diagnosis of occult pneumothorax. Crit Care Med2005;33:1231–8
20.
KealyJK, McAllisterH. The thorax. In: KealyKJ, McAllisterH, eds. Diagnostic Radiology and Ultrasonography of the Dog and Cat. St Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders; 2005, pp. 226–32
21.
CunninghamJ, KirkpatrickAW, SavvasN, Enhanced recognition of ‘lung sliding’ with power color Doppler in the diagnosis of pneumothorax. J Trauma2002;52:769–72
22.
RozyckiGS, FelicianoDV, OchsnerMG, The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multicenter study. J Trauma1998;46:543–52
23.
StowaterJL, LambCR. Ultrasonography of noncardiac thoracic diseases in small animals. J Am Vet Med Assoc1989;195:514–20
24.
TidwellAS. Ultrasonography of the thorax (excluding the heart). Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract1998;28:993–1015